Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 22 A&P > Final Exam Lecture 3&4 > Flashcards

Final Exam Lecture 3&4 Flashcards

1
Q

In the peritubular capillaries, what is the Hydrostatic pressure or Pcap

A

13mmHg
This opposes reabsorption promotes filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the oncotic pressure of the peritubular capillary

A

32mmHg favors reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the “pie sign” ISF of the interstitium in the peritubular capillaries

A

15mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium in the peritubular capillary

A

6mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the NRP in the peritubular capillaries

A

10mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the Glomerular capillary bed layer

A

Endothelium
Basement layer
Epithelial layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What layer in the Glomerular capillary bed contains podocytes

A

Epithelial layer
Podocytes are called foot processes by Schmidt, and they provide support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What layer in the Glomerular capillary bed contains connective tissue collage and proteoglycan filaments

A

Basement layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What layer in the Glomerular capillary bed is 1 cell thick and has fenestrations

A

Endothelium
Fenestrations are openings in the capillary layer that allow free movement of water and small MW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of overall charge do the Glomerular capillary bed layers have?

A

Overall negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the lecture, we discussed 2 things that can damage the Glomerular capillary bed layers and cause proteins filtration issues

A

High BP
Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do you have a thick podocyte epithelial layer in the Glomerular Capillary

A

because you have a high capillary pressure of 60 compared to rest of capillaries in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the other name for a sugar compund that we discussed in the lecture

A

Dextran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do a large MW and wide radius increase or decrease filterability

A

Decrease filterability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does a positive charge of a Dextran increase or decrease filterability

A

Increases filterability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of charge does Albumin normally have? How does this affect its filterability

A

Negative charge
Decreases filterability
She is also thick and large, so that also decreases her chances of filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the formula for Excretion

A

Excretion= Filtration- Reabsorption+ Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 ions that the Macula Densa looks for

A

Sodium and Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the Macula Densa located at

A

Distal Convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If we have increased GFR, what will the Macula Densa do to compensate?

A

If we have increased GFR and increased sodium and chloride delivery and MD sees this, MD will constrict AA and relax EA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the other phrases Dr. S uses to describe the Tubular side?

A

Apical side, Lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is Transcelluar reabsorption happening?

A

Through cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is Paracellular reabsorption happening?

A

In between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If we have tight junctions for whatever reason, what type of absorption pathway would be favorable

A

Transcellular Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the definition of bulk flow

A

summarizes massive water and stuff dissolved in the water out of the tubule and into the peritubular capillaries through the paracellular and transcellular route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the wavy lines on the outside of the tubule that creates a 20 times larger surface are to really pack more transporter in

A

Brush border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the resting membrane value of the Tubular epithelial cells

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What percent of water, calcium,chloride and other shit is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

A

66.7% or 2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the other term for fluid that is similar to plasma osmolarity

A

Isosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the concentration of creatinine at the beginning and end of the Proximal tubule?
Use correct units

A

1mg/dl -3mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does OAT and OCT stand for in the proximal tubule

A

Organic anion Transporter (OAT)
Organic cation Transporter (OCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In the S1 segment, what is the type of SGLT transporter, and how much glucose and Na are moved for each cycle of the pump

A

SGLT 2
1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of GLUT transporter is found on the tubular side of S1

A

None there are no GLUT transporters on the Tubular side, only SGLT 2 transporters the GLUT transporters are on the interstitial side and they are GLUT2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In S2 and S3 segments, what is the type of SGLT transporters, and how much glucose and Na are moved with each pump cycle?

A

SGLT 1
They move 2 Na and 1 Glucose for each cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of GLUT transporter is in the S2 and S3 segments?

A

GLUT 1

36
Q

What class of transporter moves things in the same direction

A

Symporter

37
Q

What class of transporter moves things in a bidirectional way

A

Antiporter

38
Q

Billy bob the bodybuilder takes a shit ton of amino acid supplements when he works out. He calls you his favorite CRNA and asks what happens to the kidney when you take a shit ton of amino acids

A

Increased levels of Amino acids cause the Sodium amino acid transport to go into overdrive. This cause the pump to pump more sodium into the tubular cells and reduces Na concentrations after the proximal tubule. The Macula densa will react and relax AA and constrict EA because it thinks GFR is to low. Prolonged elevated GFR wears out nephrons

39
Q

How do we calculate the filtered load for glucose?

A

Volume filtered X concertation of glucose
1.25 dl/min X 100mg/dl= 125 mg/min

40
Q

At what level of glucose do we overwhelm the kidney’s ability to reabsorb all of the glucose?

A

At 200mg/dl will exceed kidneys’ ability to reabsorb all of glucose, and some excretion will occur so will have urine glucose

41
Q

What is the transport maximum of glucose were all of the transporters are saturated and anything higher than will be straight excreted

A

375mg/dl

42
Q

What transporter is inhibited by the drug Acetazolamide

A

NHE

43
Q

Explain in Crayon why the drug Acetazolamide leads to bicarb wasting

A

Acetazolamide blocks the NHE transporter. This prevents H protons from leaving the cell and going into the tubule. With a lack of these H protons, the body cannot create Carbonic acid and IE cant make Bicarb

44
Q

For our class, what does Anhydrase mean

A

Pull water out of something

45
Q

What is H2CO3

A

Carbonic acid

46
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down Carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

47
Q

What is the precursor to bicarb

A

Glutamine

48
Q

What other compound is made from glutamine

A

NH4

49
Q

Is NH4 positive or negatively charged, and why is that important?

A

It holds an overall negative charge and that is important because it attract H protons, this is why NH4 is a good buffer

50
Q

What is NaPO4?
Is it positive or negatively charged?

A

It is a phosphate buffer
It is negatively charged and acts similarly to NH4. Both are buffers

51
Q

What is the receptor type that ANG 2 interacts with

A

AT1 also called Angiontension 2 type 1 receptor

52
Q

What exactly does ANG2 in the proximal tubular

A

Increase rate of cycling for NaKatpase pump and increase in the rate of NHE causes more secretion of H protons, it also increases cell wall permeability to sodium, Increase Sodium reabsorption and increases Water reabsorption, which will increase blood volume and increase BP

53
Q

What is the rate-limiting step for the RAAS cycle?

A

Renin and comes from AA granular cells because has them granulated and ready to go in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

54
Q

What all does the liver do for the RAAS cycle

A

Liver produces Angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen is converted into ANG1 by Renin

55
Q

What enzyme converts Angiotension 1 to ANG 2

A

ACE

56
Q

What is something that ANG 2 does that is interesting to Dr. S

A

is an important growth factor for heart remolding and can be too excessive on the heart, and to much is where the heart is not most happy
ANG2 is also GF for small vessels and a ANG2 blocker can be used to reduce BF to tumors

57
Q

How does PTH increase Calcium levels?

A

It breaks down bones (prolonged can cause osteoporosis in old people) on a side note the amount I have aged this semester might be a good idea to take a Calcium supplement……..
Increases Calcium absorption from the diet

58
Q

What percent of water is reabsorbed in the Thin descending LOH

A

20%

59
Q

Blood osmolarity is around what value

A

300

60
Q

Does the proximal tubule of LOH have the greatest variation in osmolarity

A

The loop of Henle has the greatest variation of osmolarity starts at 300->1200 back down

61
Q

For Dr. S desert lizards, what is their normal osmolarity, and how does that benefit them in their environment

A

They have an overall higher tubular osmolarity of around 2500. This helps them to squeeze every last drop of water since they live in the desert and don’t have much water.

62
Q

How much glucose sneaks in through the paracellular route

A

None glucose is to thicc

63
Q

How many ml/min of water is the Thin descending LOH responsible for reabsorbing

A

25ml/min or 20%

64
Q

True or false the Think Ascending LOH has a lot of water permeability

A

False it is not very permeable to water

65
Q

For the Thick ascending LOH the tubule is positive because of the potassium back leak. This potassium leak and positive charge allow what 2 ions to be reabsorbed via the paracellular route

A

Mg and Ca

66
Q

Where do loop diuretics like furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and Bumetanide primarily work

A

They work in the Thick Ascending LOH
They block the Na,2Cl,K transporter

67
Q

In lecture Dr. S talked specifically about what class of diuretic that is responsible for “washing out” the renal interstitium.

A

Loop diuretics

68
Q

What is the main circulating hormone that is responsible for controlling GFR

A

Renin

69
Q

Relaxation and constriction of the afferent arteriole are dependent on what locally affecting endogenous compound

A

Nitric Oxide
(Sorry about the wording of the question)…..

70
Q

Relaxation and constriction of the Efferent arteriole is dependent on what circulating endogenous compound?

A

ANG 2 and renin

71
Q

What type of cells are granular cells

A

Smooth muscle

72
Q

Thiazide diuretics work in what part of the tubule

A

Distal tubule

73
Q

Thiazide diuretics block what transporter, and what are some of the downstream effects of this

A

Thiazides block the NaCl symporter pump and causes an increased speed of the NaCa 3 Na to 1 Ca transporter, will cause more Ca being reabsorbed, will drop Na concertation intracellularly.

74
Q

Both the Principal cells and INtercalated cells in the Distal tubule are effected by what hormone?

A

ADH

75
Q

What is the main job of the principal cells

A

Control K levels

76
Q

What is the main job of the intercalated cells

A

Controls acid and base levels

77
Q

True or false ADH uses sodium to help control osmolarity

A

False it does not use sodium it uses other mechanisms

78
Q

What happens when aldosterone is released specifically in the Distal tubule

A

Aldosterone receptors on inside of cell, when activated they increase K channels placed in the cell wall and increase NaKatpase pump cycling results in more potassium loss in urine and increases Na being reabsorbed

79
Q

What are 2 examples of aldosterone antagonist drugs and what makes them special

A

Spironolactone
Eplerenone
They are potassium-sparing

80
Q

What are some examples of Cholestrol signaling compounds

A

Aldosterone
Steroids
Sex hormones
Cortisol

81
Q

What are some examples of Cholestrol signaling compounds?

A

Aldosterone
Steroids
Sex hormones
Cortisol

82
Q

So because SRNA are stressed to the max what effects does that do to your cortisol levels and what effects in excess can that have on your kidneys?

A

Cortisol looks very similar to aldo, so if we have high levels it can act like Aldosterone and increase fluid retention and increase BP and lead to K loss.

83
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that is responsible for decreasing the chance cortisol will interact with the aldo receptors?

A

11Beta- HSD(hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) Type 2

84
Q

What food product can inhibit 11Beta- HSD(hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) Type 2

A

Licorice
This inhibition leads to potassium wasting

85
Q

What general type is an Aldo receptor

A

Mineralocorticoid Receptor

86
Q

Where in the kidney is Aldosterone produced

A

In adrenal cortex- Zona glomerulosa

Fall 22 A&P (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions