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CCP Ecology > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Topic 1: Threats to Biodiversity

A

cards 2-12

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2
Q

Genetic diversity

A

variety of genes/inheritable traits in a population

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3
Q

Species diversity

A

variety of different organisms in an area

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4
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

variety of different ecosystems in an area
- regions closer to equator have more eco diversity

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5
Q

Habitat loss

A

organisms’ area of living gets destroyed/disrupted

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6
Q

Fragmentation of habitat

A

sep. of an ecosystem into small pieces of land
- edge effect: diff enviro conditions occurring along ecosystems’ boundaries
- natural corridors: pathways connecting segments of habitat

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7
Q

Pollution

A

accumulation of chemicals in the biosphere
- biological magnification, acid precipitation, eutrophication

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8
Q

Biological magnification

A

increased concentration of a chemical in organisms

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9
Q

Acid precipitation

A

fossil fuels are burned- chemicals and smoke go into the atmosphere

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10
Q

Eutrophication

A

excess nitrogen and phosphorus enter the water- diff nutrients are possible

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11
Q

Introduced/Invasive species

A

introduced- organisms brought into area they don’t normally grow in
- reproduce rapidly & often take over areas
invasive- out of control species

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12
Q

Biological augmentation

A

adding a native organism to speed up habitat restoration
- often used to alleviate invasive species

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13
Q

Topic 2: Eutrophication

A

cards 14-18

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14
Q

Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)

A

amount of oxygen needed by the decomposers to break down organic waste in the ecosystem

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15
Q

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.)

A

amount of oxygen available to living aquatic organisms

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16
Q

Oligotrophic (lake)

A

healthy lake
- light penetrates through
- plant and animal biodiversity
- available dissolved oxygen (& low B.O.D.)
- water clarity

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17
Q

Phosphates and nitrates

A

plant nutrients introduced into lakes that increase plant growth

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18
Q

Algae

A

plant- if there’s too much- stops light penetration

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19
Q

Topic 3: Environmental Conservation

A

cards 20-32

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20
Q

Overharvesting/Deforestation

A

removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves; usually for wide areas
- solution: replanting
- consequence: monoculture forestry

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21
Q

Monoculture

A

little biodiversity & poor provision of services: soil erosion control, clean water production

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22
Q

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

A

framework made by the UN framework convention on CC
- purpose is to: reduce emissions from deforestation, reduce forest degradation, manage forests w/ indigenous partnerships

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23
Q

Clear-cutting

A

process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once

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24
Q

Strip cutting

A

loggers cut down trees in narrow strips that are left to reseed

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25
Q

Selective logging/cutting

A

cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind

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26
Q

Shelterwood harvesting

A

mature trees are removed in a series of two or more cuts

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27
Q

Problem- overgrazing

A

precip run offs- causes accelerated erosion rather than being absorbed by soil
- plants undernourished (disrupts food webs)
- groundwater not replaced
- leads to desertification- converts fertile land to
desert

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28
Q

2 overgrazing solutions

A
  1. Rotational Grazing- confine animals to a small area for 1-2 days before relocating them
  2. Raise Wild Species- take less care & supplements, uses greater plant types more efficiently
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29
Q

Parks and preserves in nations have different

A

levels of protection for diff preserves
- %s & management level varies between nations

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30
Q

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) strategy

A
  • maintain essential eco processes
  • preserve genetic diversity
  • ensure sustainable use
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31
Q

Ecotourism

A

activities of people traveling structured to be eco and socially sustainable

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32
Q

Biosphere reserves

A

protected areas divided into zones with different purposes

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33
Q

Topic 4: Food and Agriculture

A

cards 34-61

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34
Q

Global trends

A
  • large % of food comes from large-scale agriculture
  • probs w/ insufficient quantities of food/calories
  • probs w/ nutrition/vitamin deficiency & overeating
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35
Q

Food innovation

A
  • confined animal feeding operations
  • new breeds
  • special feed, antibiotics
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36
Q

Water and wind erosion

A

detachment & removal of soil by water/wind
- row crops, lack of weeds, lack of wind/water breaks expose more soil

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37
Q

Nutrient depletion

A

usually occurs w/ removal of topsoil

38
Q

Salt accumulation

A

occurs when the water reaching is just enough for plant growth

39
Q

Causes of soil degradation

A

acidification, pollution, soil compaction, waterlogging, laterization

40
Q

Acidification

A

from acid rain, parent bedrock, mineral leaching, high crop yields

41
Q

Soil compaction

A

from heavy equipment

42
Q

Waterlogging

A

saturation of soil with water
- from excess irrigation

43
Q

Laterization

A

solidification of soil in tropical climates due to exposure to sun and rain

44
Q

Water wastage

A
  • areas of high evaporation
  • unlined irrigation equipment
    soil effects: waterlogging and salinization (has high salt content)
45
Q

Fertilizer usually has

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, & potassium

46
Q

Overfertilizing

A

leads to polluted runoff or adding to groundwater
- manure is an alternative to inorganic fertilizer
- incorporating legume (bean/peanut) helps w/ nitro

47
Q

Oil uses

A
  • tractors & other machinery
  • transportation
  • makes fertilizer & pesticides
  • runs irrigation pumps
  • dries and processes crops
48
Q

Oil use results in

A

increasing greenhouse gases
- carbon dioxide: use of fossil fuels
- methane: livestock & bacteria in wet rice paddies
- nitrous oxide: from ammonia fertilizers

49
Q

Goal of pesticides is to

A

eliminate pests & increase crop yields

50
Q

Pesticide problems

A
  • may contaminate water
  • could cause biological magnification
  • pesticide treadmill: increasingly complex mixture of pesticides in response to pest resistance
51
Q

Pesticide alternatives

A
  • mixing crops/crop rotation
  • cover crops
  • polyculture
  • biological augmentation
  • genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
52
Q

Crop rotation/mixing crops

A

prevents animal populations from growing

53
Q

Cover crops

A

controls the organisms that colonize

54
Q

Polycultures

A

planting them prevents population growth in ideal conditions

55
Q

Biological augmentation

A

adding a native organism to speed up habitat restoration

56
Q

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

A
  • most engineered for pesticide production/tolerance
  • concern about ecological effects if it escapes captivity & unknown effects on economy/social constructs
57
Q

Sustainable farming

A
  • soil conservation (terracing, contour, strip-farming)
  • leave crop residue or use cover crops
  • crop rotation
  • nutrient management
58
Q

Terracing

A

shaping the land to create shelves of Earth to hold soil and water

59
Q

Contour

A

plowing across a hill, not up and down

60
Q

Strip-farming

A

planting different kinds of crops in alternating strips along land contours

61
Q

Action steps

A
  • support local farmers
  • eat more grains & vegetables- less meat
62
Q

Topic 5: Environmental Health and Toxicology

A

cards 63-92

63
Q

Study environmental health because

A
  • natural resources are used to support human health
  • human actions and enviro issues are interdependent & influence each other
64
Q

Ecological disease

A

sudden, widespread epidemics among livestock or wild species

65
Q

Pandemic vs Epidemic

A

pandemic = infectious disease spreads around the globe (disease’s growth is exponential)
epidemic = infectious disease spreads rapidly to a large population

66
Q

Conservation medicine

A

emerging sci attempting to understand how enviro change threatens human & eco communities

67
Q

Antibiotic problems

A

caused by:
- ability to evolve as population
- overuse in people and livestock
- failure to complete treatment
may lead to higher cases of chronic diseases

68
Q

Toxicology

A

study of adverse effects of external factors on organism or system

69
Q

Environmental toxicology

A

sci that studies interactions, transformation, fate, & effects of toxins in biosphere; includes organism, population, & ecosystem levels

70
Q

Allergen

A

substance that activates immune system

71
Q

Antigen

A

substance recognized as foreign by white blood cells & stimulate production of specific antibodies

72
Q

Antibody

A

protein produced by human bodies that recognize & bind to foreign cells or chemicals

73
Q

Neurotoxin

A

special class of metabolic poisons that specifically attack nerve cells (neurons)

74
Q

Mutagen

A

agents that damage or alter genetic material (DNA) in cells

75
Q

Teratogen

A

chemical/other factors that specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic development

76
Q

Carcinogen

A

substance that causes cancer

77
Q

Endocrine hormone disruptor

A

chemicals that interrupt normal endocrine hormone functions

78
Q

Toxin behavior

A

chemical move between organisms & eco based on molecular size, solubility, stability, & reactivity

79
Q

Solubility

A

physical property that indicates how easily substance dissolves in another substance

80
Q

Soluble types

A

water- move rapidly & widely through enviro
fat (more toxic)- usually has carrier to navigate enviro, once inside organism, penetrates tissues & accumulates

81
Q

Stability

A
  • exposure to sun, air, & water may break down/inactivate a substance
  • more persistent materials last years/centuries cycling through ecosystems
82
Q

Reactivity

A

could be antagonistic reactions, additive effects, and/or synergism

83
Q

Antagonistic reaction

A

interferes with effects of/breakdown of other chemicals

84
Q

Additive effect

A

effect of multiple substances increases in proportion to the exposure

85
Q

Synergism

A

interaction where 1 substance exacerbates effects of another- effects increases disproportionately

86
Q

Ways toxins can enter human bodies

A
  • inhalation
  • dermal (skin) absorption
  • oral (food, water, medicine)
  • injection (IV, intramuscular)
    varies depending on: age, health, time, & route of exposure
87
Q

Dose

A

quantity usually reported as a concentration

88
Q

Lethal dose

A

substance amount exposed to at one time that kills 50% of population

89
Q

Retrospective study

A

identifies people exposed and compares health to a control group

90
Q

Prospective study

A

identifies people & DOCUMENTS potential exposures and health effects

91
Q

Animal study

A
  • specific studies required based on intended use
  • requires 2 animal models: rodent & non-rodent
92
Q

Biomagnification

A

increase in concentration of a substance in successively higher trophic levels

CCP Ecology (4 decks)

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