Test #1 Flashcards
Char. of Life, Eco Vocab, Water Prop., pH, Matter Movement, Photosynthesis, Eco En Flow, Evolution (95 cards)
1
Q
Topic 1- Characteristics of Life
A
Cards 2 - 9
2
Q
1st trait- All living things reproduce
A
asexual- no special cells, sexual- special cells
3
Q
2nd trait- all living things are made of cells
A
prokaryotic- small, simple, no nucleus, unicellular
eukaryotic- larger, complex, nucleus, uni/multicellular
4
Q
3rd trait- all living things obtain & use energy (metabolism)
A
autotroph- produce own food for energy
heterotroph- consume other organisms for energy
5
Q
4th trait- all living things respond to stimuli in environment
A
- takes sec/min/day/weeks
ex. plant bending towards sunlight: stimulus = sunlight, response = bending
6
Q
5th trait- all living things have genetic material (DNA/RNA)
A
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA = ribonucleic acid
7
Q
6th trait- all living things grow and develop
A
- over individual’s lifetime
ex: humans getting larger & getting permanent teeth
8
Q
7th trait- all living things adapt as a population and change over time
A
- takes 1000s of years
ex: humans in general have gotten taller
9
Q
8th trait- all living things maintain stable internal environment
A
stable internal environment = homeostasis which is organism’s desired temperature
10
Q
Topic 2 - Ecology General Vocab
A
Cards 11-15
11
Q
Organism
A
a living thing made up of one or more cells and able to carry on the activities of life
12
Q
Population
A
a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
13
Q
Ecology
A
study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment
14
Q
Abiotic vs Biotic
A
abiotic = non-living (part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment)
biotic = living (organism that shapes its environment)
15
Q
Matter goes through both
A
biotic and abiotic environmental components
16
Q
Topic 3 - Water Properties
A
Cards 17-24
17
Q
Hydrogen bonding
A
the way water bonds to other water molecules
18
Q
Water is the ONLY
A
substance on Earth that can exist in all 3 states of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
19
Q
Has a high Specific Heat
A
takes great energy to change temp of water
- temps less extreme by large bodies of water
20
Q
Is a universal solvent
A
solute- substance dissolved to make a solution
solvent - substance solvent dissolves in
21
Q
Surface Tension
A
attraction of molecules at the surface
22
Q
Capillary Action
A
flow against gravity
23
Q
Cohesion
A
attracted to self
24
Q
Adhesion
A
attracted to other substance
- “ad” two substances together
25
Topic 4 - pH
Cards 26-30
26
pH measures
concentration of the H+ ion- changes to pH threaten homeostasis
27
Acidic
0-6 on the pH scale
28
Basic/Alkalinity
8-14 on the pH scale
29
Neutral
7 on the pH scale (water is an example of this)
30
Buffer
substance that minimizes changes to pH
31
Topic 5 - Movement of Matter
Cards 32-46
32
Water Cycle
Precipitation - Surface Runoff/Groundwater - Evaporation (ocean, lakes, streams)/Transpiration (plants) - Condensation
33
Transpiration
process that involves loss of water vapor through the stomata of plants
34
Percolation
seepage or filtration of a liquid through a porous substance
35
Carbon cycle
Atmospheric CO2 - photosynthesis - respiration/feeding/death / Atmospheric CO2 - respiration / Atmospheric CO2 - combustion / Atmospheric CO2 - respiration - fossil fuel formation - combustion
36
Sources of CO2 in atmosphere
combustion, respiration
37
Carbon sinks for CO2 from atmosphere
coal, oil, natural gas, peat
38
Nitrogen cycle
1. Atmospheric nitrogen - n-fixing bacteria - nitrates in soil
1. - n-fix - nit in soil - feeding organism - death/waste - deamination - nitrification by nitrifying bacteria - nitrites - nitrates - nit in soil
1. - nitrogen fixation - n-fix - ammonia - nitrification by nitrifying bacteria - nitrites - nitrates - nit in soil
39
Nitrogen fixation
chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia & other N-containing compounds, which is absorbed by organisms
40
Denitrification
removes nitrogen from the soil
41
Decomposition
process by which bacteria and fungi break dead organisms into their simple compounds
42
Phosphorus cycle
Producer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer/decomposition
43
Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic factors in the same area
44
Matter
something that occupies space and has mass
45
Erosion
geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water
46
Topic 6 - Photosynthesis
Cards 47-56
47
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
cells store energy as this molecule
48
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
49
Glucose
chemical energy produced by photosynthesis
50
Stomata
openings on underside of leaf- allows CO2 to enter, allows some O and water vapor to leave
51
Guard cells
control opening and closing of the stomata
52
Thylakoids
flattened, saclike membranes- located in the chloroplast
53
Light-Dependent Reaction (phase 1 of photosynthesis)
- occurs in thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts
- thylakoids have pigments (light absorbing molecules) & major 1 is chlorophyll
54
Light-Dependent Reaction Steps
1. Light energy excites electrons in pigments
2. Water splits & releases electrons, H+ ions, & O2
3. Electrons make NADPH – energy storage molecule
4. H+ ions go from thylakoid membranes to stroma
5. Movement causes ADP to convert to ATP
- NADPH & ATP used in phase 2
55
Light-Independent Reaction (phase 2 of photosynthesis)
1. CO2 combines w/ RuBP w/ help of Rubisco (enzyme) to make 3-PGA
2. Energy from NADPH & ATP convert 3-PGA to G3P
3. Some G3P leaves cycle to help make glucose & some helps convert G3P to RuBP
- also called Calvin cycle
56
During cold temperatures, chlorophyll breaks down and
accessory pigments (pigments beside green- red/orange/gold) are visible
57
Topic 7 - Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Cards 58-66
58
Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic factors in the same area
59
Trophic level
an organism's position in a food chain
60
Producer
gets energy from the Sun and creates its own food
61
Primary consumer
herbivore- eats plants
62
Secondary and tertiary consumers
secondary- omnivore/carnivore, tertiary- usually carnivore
63
Decomposer
uses CHEMICAL means to break down dead matter
64
Detritivore
uses MECHANICAL means to break down dead matter
65
Energy decreases as it goes up in trophic levels because
the majority is lost (90%) as heat to the environment
66
Pyramids of Energy (kCal), Numbers (organism), and Biomass (kg)
Tertiary consumers - 1 kCal/organism/kg
Secondary consumers - 10 kCals/organisms/kg
Primary consumers - 100 kCals/organisms/kg
Producers - 1000 kCals/organisms/kg
67
Topic 8 - Evolution
Cards 68-95
68
Micro/Macroevolution
Micro = SMALL change in allele frequencies over many generations
Macro = LARGE change in allele frequencies over longer periods
69
Four things needed for evolution by natural selection
1. Living things overproduce
2. There's heritable variation (has genetic basis) in offspring
3. There's a struggle to survive and reproduce
4. Offspring that survive make offspring w/ advantageous variations to next generations - reproductive advantage
70
Selective pressure
variables that cause some phenotypes to be more successful than others
71
Adaptation
trait that makes a living thing able to survive and reproduce in its surroundings
72
Speciation
adaptations in a species become so great that a new species develops
73
Morphological/Typological species concept
species defined based on observable traits- mostly what people could see
74
Biological species concept
species defined based on whether the organism could reproduce and have fertile offspring
75
Phylogenetic species concept
organisms that share a common ancestor & can be distinguished from other sets of organisms is considered a species
76
How Speciation Occurs
1. Geographic isolation
2. Reproductive isolation
3. Accumulation of genetic differences
- 1-3. is allopatric speciation
- 2-3. is sympatric speciation
77
Natural selection: Directional selection
one of extremes isn't good & decreases, other extreme increases
78
Natural selection: Stabilizing selection
extremes of trait aren't good & decrease, average is best & increases
79
Natural selection: Disruptive selection
average trait isn't good & decreases, extremes are better & increase
80
Mutation
random, permanent changes to DNA
- can be unfavorable, neutral, or favorable
81
Gene flow
migration of individuals between populations; changes alleles
82
Gene flow increases
variation, leads to more chances for population to change
83
Sexual selection
favors individuals that are better suited to mate & reproduce; sexes decide who is the best suited
- if certain trait increases reproductive success, will increase in frequency
84
Genetic drift
random changes in allele frequency from one generation to the next
- 2 types: bottleneck and founder effect
85
Bottleneck
dramatic event greatly reduces population, this decreases variation
86
Founder Effect
when a SMALLER number of individuals leave a population & colonize an area- decreases variation
87
Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium
model of conditions a population must meet if they are NOT evolving
88
5 Conditions of H-W equilibrium
M- no Mutations
S- no Selection between phenotypes
G- no Gene flow
I- Infinite population size
R- mating is Random
89
Fossil record
transitional fossils show similarities between modern species and extinct species
90
Biogeography
species are found close to other species they're closely related to, with some exceptions due to continental drift
91
Homologous structures
structures that look different in adults but come from the same embryonic tissues
92
Homologous vs Analogous Structures
Homologous- SAME ancestry, different function
- ex: vertebrate forelimbs
Analogous- DIFFERENT ancestry, same function
- ex: birds wings vs insect wings
93
Vestigial organs
organs that are reduced in size and no longer function
94
Comparative embryology
similar patterns of development occur in organisms
95
Genetic code similarities
all living things have DNA as genetic material; similarities in gene proteins that work in all living things
