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CCP Ecology > Test #4 > Flashcards

Test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Topic 1: Climate Reading Notes

A

cards 2-12

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2
Q

Ozone in stratosphere

A

absorbs UV radiation which stops organisms’ tissues from being damaged

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3
Q

Ozone in troposphere

A

secondary pollutant made by chemical reactions initiated by solar energy
- reactive oxidizing agent that
damages eyes, lungs, plant
tissue, etc.

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4
Q

Abundant and effective greenhouse gasses

A
  • carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • methane (CH4)
  • water vapor
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5
Q

Ice cores

A

shows how atmosphere changed over time: variations of atmo CO2, ash layers, spikes in sulfate concentration and ancient temps

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6
Q

Keeling Curve (graph)

A

shows concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth’s atmosphere since 1958- increasing

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7
Q

Climate change trends

A
  • direct relationship between CO2 & temperature
  • higher CO2 levels in fall/winter
  • most increase in ave temp <1980
  • exponential increase of methane, CO2, & nitrous oxide around 1800s
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8
Q

Consequences of 2 deg C of global climate warming

A
  • threatened food production
  • more common/severe droughts
  • more climate refugees
  • rising sea levels
  • heat-related mortality increases
  • more forest fires & coral bleaching
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9
Q

Recent climate changes are caused by human activity because

A

observed trends fit models built w/ human factors ex. fossil fuel use, forest clearing, not models w/o

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10
Q

Climate change is controversial because

A

many media commentators/ politicians treat climate change as an identity/philosophy, not based in sci. evidence

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11
Q

Clean Air Act of 1963

A

first piece of legislation that addressed air pollution in the US

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12
Q

2015 Paris Accord goals

A
  • keeping global ave temp increases below 2 C (better is 1.5)
  • reaching zero carbon emissions
  • country has voluntary emission reduction goals & progresses
  • advanced economies should strive to donate $100 billion/yr
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13
Q

Topic 2: Greenhouse Effect

A

cards 13-18

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14
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

capture of energy by gasses in the atmosphere

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15
Q

Greenhouse gasses (most common)

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • methane
  • nitrous oxide
  • water vapor
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16
Q

Heat INTO atmosphere

A

fluctuates throughout the day due to the position of the sun in the sky

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17
Q

Heat OUT of atmosphere

A

fluctuates on long-term basis; inversely correlated to amount of greenhouse gases in atmosphere
- more GG = less heat out & vice versa

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18
Q

An increase of greenhouse gasses (esp CO2) in atmosphere

A

causes an increase in temperature

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19
Q

Topic 3: Global Climate Change

A

cards 20-24

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20
Q

Direct temperature

A

temp measured using thermometers & other tech

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21
Q

Proxy data

A

temp reading deduced from tree rings, coral growth, & ice cores then calibrated by modern time temp

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22
Q

IPPC 2001 Climate change report

A

Earth’s surface temp has been increasing steadily since around 1980 (jump at 1920-40, then drop)
- past 30 yrs: above ave Earth temp
- past 1000 yrs: mostly below ave Earth temp

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23
Q

Ice’s albedo

A

ice loss escalates ice loss: ice reflects sunlight (albedo is 80-90) so-
less ice = more heat absorption = higher temp = more melted ice & repeat

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24
Q

Sea ice extent

A

sea ice extent at the poles has greatly decreased

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25
Q

Topic 4: Shipping Industry

A

cards 26-27

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26
Q

Global shipping contributes to

A

2-3% of greenhouse gas emissions annually

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27
Q

Strategies to reduce shipping GG emissions

A
  • standardize the shipping box size
  • stop shipping half empty boxes
  • use hydrogen/solar based energy for shipping
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28
Q

Topic 5: Air Pollution Notes

A

cards 29-45

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29
Q

Six conventional/criteria pollutants

A
  • sulfur dioxide
  • nitrogen oxides
  • carbon monoxide
  • ozone
  • lead
  • particulate matter
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30
Q

Sulfur dioxide

A

colorless, corrosive gas that damages plants & animals- large cause of air pollution health damage

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31
Q

Nitrogen oxides

A

highly reactive gasses formed when combustion heat initiates reactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen

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32
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas mainly produced by incomplete combustion of fuel

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33
Q

Ozone (O3)

A

secondary pollutant made by chemical reactions that are initiated by solar energy: highly reactive oxidizing agent

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34
Q

Lead

A

impairs nerve and brain functions; most abundantly produced metal air pollutant

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35
Q

Particulate matter

A

includes dust, ash, soot, lint, smoke, pollen, spores, algal cells, aerosols, etc

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36
Q

Point vs non-point sources

A

point = pollution that comes from a specific site
non-point = pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area

37
Q

Primary vs secondary pollutant

A

primary: chemical directly added into air by natural events or human activities in harmful dose
secondary: from chemical reactions; primary pollutant touches PP/naturally occurring substance

38
Q

Hazardous air pollutant

A

chemicals include carcinogens, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, endocrine system disrupters

39
Q

CFCs

A

chlorofluorocarbons: potent GGs, created chemicals used as coolants and propellants in aerosols, depletes ozone layer

40
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

1987- nations met in Canada & agreed to fight against ozone depletion: CFCs banned, successful

41
Q

Air pollution health effects

A

irritates & damages delicate tissues in eyes & lungs
- temp inversion irritates lungs & eyes

42
Q

Acid precipitation

A

conversion of sulfur & nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

43
Q

Acid deposition/precip effect on plant life

A
  • destroys vegetation
  • creates desolate (deserted of ppl), barren landscapes
44
Q

Catalytic converter

A

device in a motor vehicle that reduces the amount of pollutants in emissions/exhaust

45
Q

Why clean air laws are controversial

A

laws usually want polluters to pay for pollution control and the polluters object

46
Q

Topic 6: Water Pollution

A

cards 47-50

47
Q

Toxic pollution

A

chemicals that can cause disease, death, or birth defects when ingested or absorbed by organisms

48
Q

Sediment pollution

A

caused by erosion of soil into waterways; usually during heavy rain- soil piles up

49
Q

Nutrient pollution

A

excessive amount of nutrients- ex nitrogen & phosphorus: promotes eutrophication

50
Q

Bacterial pollution

A

addition of microorganisms, which can cause health problems in organisms

51
Q

Topic 7: Water Resources Notes

A

cards 52-66

52
Q

Water functions

A
  • dissolves nutrients
  • distributes nutrients to cells
  • regulates body temperature
  • supports structures
  • removes waste products
53
Q

Impact of climate change on water resources

A

climate change is shrinking glaciers and snowfields

54
Q

Water supply

A
  • 2.4 % is freshwater
  • ≈90% of freshwater is glaciers, ice caps, snowfields
  • groundwater is largest compartment of liquid freshwater
55
Q

Water table (groundwater)

A

top of zone of saturation that supplies most wells

56
Q

Zone of saturation (groundwater)

A

lower soil layer w/ pores filled with water

57
Q

Aquifer

A

porous layers of sand/gravel or of cracked/porous rock & below, relatively impermeable rock/clay layers to stop water seepage

58
Q

Surface water includes

A

rivers, lakes, wetlands- bogs, swamps, marshes, wet meadows

59
Q

Atmospheric water

A
  • contains 0.001% of total water supply
  • important for redistributing water: can travel halfway around the world before water falls
60
Q

Water usage

A
  • agriculture: 70% of total water withdrawal
  • industry: ≈20% of total water withdrawal
  • domestic: 6% of water withdrawal (drinking, cooling, washing)
    - developed countries use 10x more
61
Q

Water scarcity

A
  • subsidence: scarcity causes aquifers to collapse- subsidence (sinking of ground surface) follows
  • saltwater intrusion: movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas
  • drought: long period of below ave precip w/ impact on eco, agric, & economies
62
Q

Water conservation

A
  • protect land & soil
  • preserve wetlands
  • multiple small dams
  • protect forests
  • lessen domestic use
63
Q

Leading water contaminants

A
  1. pathogens, mercury, other metals, nutrients, sediment
64
Q

Sources of groundwater pollution

A
  • industrial waste
  • leaking underground storage tank
  • leaking septic tank
  • surface runoff
65
Q

Ocean pollution

A
  • dead zones & poisonous algal blooms
  • toxic chemicals, heavy metals, oil, sediment
66
Q

New/unusual water contaminants

A

antibiotics, natural & synthetic hormones, detergents, plasticizers, insecticides, fire retardants

67
Q

Topic 8: The Plastic Problem

A

cards 68-69

68
Q

Garbage patch

A

5 plastic “ocean patches”- 1: Indian Ocean, 2: Atlantic Ocean, 2: Pacific Ocean

69
Q

Removing plastic

A
  • incineration: smoke in air is harmful (>35.4)
  • plastic-consuming bacteria: too small to be useful right now
  • plastic roads: recycled plastic used to make this
  • sea bins: garbage filter for water
70
Q

Topic 9: Carbon and Plastic Footprint

A

cards 71-73

71
Q

Plastic is connected to climate change

A

drilling of oil to make plastic releases greenhouse gasses like CO2 & methane which warm planet

72
Q

Reducing carbon footprint

A
  • walk, bike, public transit
  • install compact fluorescent bulbs, insulate home
  • unplug electronics, dry clothes outside
  • eat more organic food, plant a garden
  • use biodegradable & non-toxic products
  • take shorter showers & compost
73
Q

Reducing plastic footprint

A
  • install water fountains to fill reusable bottles
  • not use straws
  • offering reusable cloth bags
74
Q

Topic 10: Environmental Geology and Earth

A

cards 75-89

75
Q

Fossil fuels

A

made from ancient organisms under heat & pressure for millions of years
- abundant & available, produces GGs, A&W pollution, non-renewable
- 81% of energy tech

76
Q

Wind & Solar Energy

A
  • 2.5-5.6% of energy tech
  • less expensive, renewable, takes space, produces toxic waste
77
Q

Nuclear & Hydropower

A
  • 10.1% of power (<10% made from water)
  • doesn’t release GGs, renewable, expensive, makes toxic waste
78
Q

Biomass & Geothermal energy

A

biomass- using plants for fuel
geothermal- ground source of heat
- 5-6% of power
- renewable, deforestation, soil erosion & water contamination

79
Q

Electric cars

A

adv = reduces GGs if electric grids become 0 carbon
disadv = materials used to make EC battery can bleed into enviro & harm ppl, recycling batteries uses large amounts of water, mining seabeds damages ocean eco- noise & light pollution

80
Q

Open-pit air and water effects

A

groundwater gets in pit- creates toxic water that ppl don’t know how to detox

81
Q

Strip-mining air and water effects

A
  • destruction of ecosystems
  • blasting damage & noise pollution
  • flooding, extreme hazards b/c of waste
82
Q

Underground mining air and water effects

A

may cause subsidence and air/water pollution
- water seeps into mine shafts & can dissolve toxic materials

83
Q

Placer mining

A

chokes stream ecosystems w/ sediment

84
Q

Metal products

A

copper: electric & electronic industry
lead: car batteries & ammunition
platinum: auto catalytic converters

85
Q

Igneous rock

A

solidified from hot, molten magma/lava
- products: granite

86
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

form from melting, contorting, & recrystallizing of other rocks
- products: diamond, marble

87
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

loose grains of other rocks consolidated by time and pressure
- products: halite

88
Q

Considerations in recycling mined resources

A
  1. how cost effective the recycling is
  2. how much energy is required to recycle
89
Q

Alternatives to mined resources

A
  • plastic pipe
  • fiber optic tech & satellite comm
  • polymers, aluminum, ceramics in autos

CCP Ecology (4 decks)

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