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honors biology vocab > chapter 2 - chemistry of life > Flashcards

chapter 2 - chemistry of life Flashcards

1
Q

element

A

pure substance of one type of atom

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2
Q

compound

A

substance formed by 2+ elements in definite proportions

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3
Q

isotope

A

same number of protons but different number of neutrons as the base atom

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4
Q

ion

A

charged atom

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5
Q

molecule

A

smallest unit of compound that displays all properties

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6
Q

atomic number

A

of protons

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7
Q

atomic weight

A

protons and electrons added together (the electron count is the average of the isotopes and their frequency in nature)

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8
Q

ionic bond

A

bond by transfer of electrons

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9
Q

covalent bond

A

bond by sharing electrons

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10
Q

van der waals forces

A

weak bond from atoms of different elements via +/- attractions

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

polar covalent bond involving hydrogen (usually H+(N,O, or P))

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12
Q

properties of water

A

polar, cohesive, adhesive, high heat capacity

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13
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved (i.e. salt in water)

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14
Q

solvent

A

substance doing the dissolving (i.e. water)

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15
Q

mixture

A

physically mixed compounds/solutions

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16
Q

solution

A

evenly distributed mixture

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17
Q

suspension

A

mixture of water and an undissolved substance

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18
Q

pH

A

scale (0-14) measures the H+ ion concentration; logarithmic scale (each number up is 10x the last one)

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19
Q

acid

A

compound that forms H+ ions; 0-7 on pH scale

20
Q

base

A

compound that forms OH- ions; 7-14 on pH scale

21
Q

buffer

A

compound that prevents sharp pH changes

22
Q

amalgam

A

mixtures of liquid mercury and another metal

23
Q

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

A

one of the most acidic compounds

24
Q

sodium hydroxide

A

one of the most basic compounds

25
Q

buffer system

A

type of solution that is able to resist changes in its pH when small amounts of an acidic or basic substance is added to it

26
Q

monomer

A

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

27
Q

polymer

A

molecule composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

28
Q

carbohydrate (polysaccharide)

A

macromolecule created from simple sugar (monosaccharide); main source of energy for living things

29
Q

complex carbs

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

30
Q

lipid

A

macromolecule created from fatty acid; used to store energy; makes up fat; saturated and unsaturated; phosopholipid

31
Q

nucleic acid

A

macromolecule created from neucleotides; contains phosphate, sugar, and base; builds DNA

32
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix shaped; genetic info and genes

33
Q

RNA

A

riboneucleic acid; single strand

34
Q

protein

A

macromolecule created from amino acid; most diverse of large biological molecules; made from carboxl and amino group

35
Q

levels of amino acid structure

A
  1. primary (o-o-o-o-o chain sequence)
  2. secondary (helix or ß sheet)
  3. tertiary (more folding + bonding)
  4. quaternary (2+ chains folded together)
36
Q

chemical reaction

A

changes of chemical properties

37
Q

reactants

A

elements/compounds going into a reaction

38
Q

products

A

elements/compounds coming out of a recation

39
Q

activation

A

energy needed to start a reaction

40
Q

catalyst

A

substance that speeds up a reaction

41
Q

enzyme

A

protein catalyst that speeds up a biological reaction; are recycled in enzyme cycle

42
Q

substrate

A

reactant of enzyme-catalyzed reaction

43
Q

spontaneous reactions

A

chemical reactions that release energy (i.e. exothermic spontaneous rxn); ∆E=E2-E1

44
Q

nonspontaneous reaction

A

chemical reactions that don’t release energy (i.e. endothermic nonspontaneous rxn); ∆E=E2-E1

45
Q

how do you increase the rate of a reaction?

A

use an catalyst (i.e. enzyme)

honors biology vocab (15 decks)

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