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honors biology vocab > chapter 12 - intro to genetics > Flashcards

chapter 12 - intro to genetics Flashcards

1
Q

genetics

A

scientific study of heredity

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2
Q

heredity

A

transmission of traits generation to generation

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3
Q

genes

A

DNA that determines a characteristic

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4
Q

trait

A

a characteristic of an organism

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5
Q

allele

A

version of a gene

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6
Q

gregor medel

A

discovered fundamental laws of genetics

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7
Q

probability

A

chance for an event to occur

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8
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles

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9
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles

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10
Q

genotype

A

genetic makup of an organism

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11
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristic of an organism

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12
Q

punnet square

A

diagram to predict genotype and phenotype of an offspring

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13
Q

independent assortment

A

genes are individually inherited

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14
Q

segregation

A

alleles all have their own separate chance to be passed down

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15
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when one allele isn’t completely dominant over the other

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16
Q

codominance

A

phenotypes from both alleles are shown

17
Q

multiple alleles

A

gene with multiple different alleles

18
Q

single-gene trait

A

trait with a single gene controlling it

19
Q

polygenic trait

A

trait controlled by multiple genes (e.g. eye color or height)

20
Q

homologus chromosomes

A

paired chromosomes from each parent

21
Q

diploid

A

cell with homologus (doubled) chromosomes

22
Q

haploid

A

cell with single set of chromosomes

23
Q

meiosis

A

diploid cell divides into 4 daughter cells

24
Q

cross-over

A

when homologus chromosomes exchanged some genes

25
Q

tetrad

A

the structure formed from two homologus chromosomes

26
Q

prophase 1 (meiosis)

A

nuclear envelope degrades, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibers attach, chromosomes condense, homologs pair up, crossing over

27
Q

metaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

homologus chromosomes line up along metaphase plate, 2^23 possibilities for gamete

28
Q

anaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

each homolog is pulled to its respective pole, cell elongates

29
Q

telophase 1 (meiosis)

A

nuclear envelope MIGHT reform (it doesn’t need to), DNA in daughter cells MIGHT relax, centrioles release from poles, spindle fibers detach

30
Q

prophase 2 (meiosis)

A

opposite of telophase 1; nuclear envelope MIGHT reform (only if it formed in telophase 1), DNA MIGHT condense, centrioles move to poles, spindle fibers attach

31
Q

metaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

induvidual chromosomes align along the metaphase plate

32
Q

anaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

sister chromatids are pulled to their respective polls, cells elongates

33
Q

telophase 2 (meiosis)

A

nuclear envelope MUST reform, centrioles release, DNA relaxes, spindle fibers detach

honors biology vocab (15 decks)

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