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BMS 212 > Chapter 6: Acellular Pathogens Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Acellular Pathogens Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two things a virus must have?

A

Genetic material
Protein Coat

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2
Q

True or False: Viruses are infectious, acellular pathogens?

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites?

A

True

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4
Q

What is host specificity?

A

What specific hosts viruses can effect.

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5
Q

What is cell specificity?

A

What cell types they can effect

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6
Q

What is tropism?

A

The action of a virus targeting a certain cell type.

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7
Q

True or False: Viruses can be made of DNA by not RNA.

A

False: Viruses can contain DNA or RNA.

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8
Q

What surrounds a protects the genome of viruses?

A

A protein capsid.

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9
Q

What can surround the virus and is made of host plasma membrane?

A

An envelope.

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10
Q

Why do viruses need host cells?

A

They lack the necessary genes for reproduction.

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11
Q

What are the three different viral shapes?

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Complex

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12
Q

What is the most common shape for human viruses?

A

Polyhedral

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13
Q

What is a complex virus shape?

A

Anything that not is helical or polyhedral.

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14
Q

What is a capsid?

A

Assembled by individual proteins, protects the virus.

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15
Q

What is a capsomere?

A

Subunit of a capsid?

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16
Q

How is a capsid structured?

A

Assembled by individuals proteins associated into progressively larger subunits.

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17
Q

What two aspects of a virus play a role in host recognition?

A

Envelope proteins and glycoproteins.

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18
Q

True or False: Enveloped viruses are more fragile than naked viruses.

A

True.

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19
Q

What is the viral envelope made out of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
Some proteins are virally coded glycoproteins (spikes).

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20
Q

True or False: Viruses can have a single-stranded or double-stranded genome.

A

True.

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21
Q

What is the order of replication normally?

A

DNA to RNA to Proteins

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22
Q

What are the most common types of genomes for viruses?

A

ssRNA and dsDNA.

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23
Q

What is special about virus RNA?

A

It can be positive sense (mRNA) or negative sense.

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24
Q

Why is the structure of the genome important?

A

It heavily dictates the replication cycle of the virus.

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25
Q

What are the four things viruses can be classified on?

A

Type of nucleic acid
Presence of an envelope
Shape
Size

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26
Q

True or False: Relationship among viruses is well understood.

A

False

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27
Q

How have viral genera been organized?

A

Into families.

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28
Q

What are the 6 stages of viral replication?

A

Attachment
Entry/Penetration
Uncoating
Biosynthesis
Assembly
Release/Budding

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29
Q

What is initial attachment?

A

Involves viral surface molecular structures and host cell molecular structures.
Tropism.

30
Q

What is entry and what are the two different kinds?

A

Passage of virion into host cell.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis, membrane fusion

31
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Virus binds in place of normal ligand
Tricks cell into thinking it needs to bring the virus inside.

32
Q

What is membrane fusion?

A

For enveloped viruses only.
Fusion promoted via viral glycoproteins.

33
Q

What is uncoating?

A

When the virus tales off capsid to allow access to genome (RNA or DNA)

34
Q

What is the goal of the synthesis of the viral genome?

A

To create genetic material for progeny.

35
Q

What dictates the synthesis of the viral genome?

A

The type of virus (genetic material).

36
Q

Where does viral assembly take place?

A

Assembly typically occurs in area of cell in which viral genome replication occured.

37
Q

When does assembly begin?

A

When necessary protein pieces reach sufficient concentration.

38
Q

How are naked viruses released from the host cell?

A

They are released upon cell death/lysis.

39
Q

How are enveloped viruses released from the host cell?

A

They are released through budding/exocytosis.

40
Q

What kind of enveloped do viruses get when leaving through budding?

A

Membrane derived envelope.

41
Q

What kind of envelope do viruses get when leaving through budding?

A

Membrane derived envelope.

42
Q

What kind of envelope do viruses get when leaving via exocytosis?

A

ER/Golgi dervied envelope.

43
Q

What type of nucleic acid must all viruses make?

A

mRNA.

44
Q

What do DNA viruses require for genome replication?

A

Host derived RNA polymerase.

45
Q

Where does genome replication take place in host cells?

A

The nucleus.

46
Q

What is negative sense?

A

It must convert the genome into positive sense for translation.

47
Q

What intermediate does ssRNA(+) go through?

A

A DNA intermediate that is achieved using a reverse transcriptase that is RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

48
Q

After dsDNA is made, where does it go?

A

It is inserted into host chromosomes that is achieved by viral integrase.

49
Q

What are viral mRNAs and + sense RNA progeny strands transcribed by?

A

RNA polymerase.

50
Q

How do viruses cause transformation/cancer development?

A

They cause a disruption of growth signals.
Cells do not stop growing a tumors form.

51
Q

How do viruses cause a lytic infection, and what is it?

A

The death of host cell through lysis,
The infection is released, but body will destroy it.

52
Q

How do viruses cause a persistent infection, and what is it?

A

The slow release of virus without cell death.
The host cell can still make virus.
Hard to get rid of.

53
Q

How do viruses cause a latent infection and what is it?

A

When the virus is present but not replicating.
Waits until you’re sick to replicate.
The genomes from the virus are inserted into yours so cells just keep genomes.

54
Q

What is cell fusion?

A

When the cells fuse together.
Ex: Mad Cow Disease

55
Q

What happens when no progeny is released from the cell, but a virus enters?

A

Non-permissive cell
Infection with defective virus
Cell death before viral assembly occurs

56
Q

What is the typical result of a lytic infection?

A

Typically the result of a productive infection.

57
Q

Why does the host cell die in a lytic infection?

A

Host cell dies typically die to overwhelming amount of cells resources consumed or shutoff by the virus.

58
Q

What does the virus disrupt in a lytic infection?

A

Disrupt DNA and RNA synthesis
Disrupt lysosome function
Disrupt protein synthesis
Induce apoptosis.

59
Q

What kind of viruses most commonly create tumors?

A

DNA viruses

60
Q

What part of the outside of the cell is changed in a lytic infection?

A

The antigenic specificity of the outside of the cell may be altered.

61
Q

What does working with viruses require?

A

Culturing requires living cells.

62
Q

How can we tell if the virus killed the cells in a culture?

A

Virus-induced death of cells result in a clear zone (plaque).

63
Q

Why do we inject viruses in eggs to study them?

A

Many parts of an embryonated egg will allow viral replication.
Influenza immunzation.

64
Q

What are viroids?

A

Circular pieces of self-replicating RNA (no coat).

65
Q

What are virusoids?

A

Non-self replicating ssRNA.
Requires a “helper virus”

66
Q

What are prions?

A

Made of protein
Can replicate even without DNA and RNA
All affect the PRNP protein

67
Q

What do prions cause?

A

Neurodegenerative diseases
Ex: Creutzfeldt-Jacod Disease (CDJ)
Made Cow Disease
Chronic Wasting Disease

68
Q

What are the three ways prions are acquired?

A

Genetic, Sporadic, and Aquired.

69
Q

Is there a cure for prion-caused diseases?

A

No, they are always fatal.

70
Q

What do these prion-caused diseases caused?

A

Accumulation of PrPsc causes brain tissue to take on “spongey” appearance
Loss of coordination and muscle movement
Cognitive issues.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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