Unit 5 Vocab - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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2
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment/event

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3
Q

encoding

A

the process of getting info into the memory system

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4
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining encoded info over time

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5
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting info out of memory storage

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

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7
Q

short-term memory (STM)

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten

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8
Q

long-term memory (LTM)

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
includes knowledge, skills, and experience

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9
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of STM that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory/visual info, and info retrieved from LTM

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10
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, frequency, and well learned info (ex. word meanings)

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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12
Q

rehearsal

A

the repetition of info in an attempt to maintain it longer in memory
occurs in STM and creates a stronger trace to then be stored in LTM

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13
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study/practice

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14
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list

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15
Q

visual encoding

A

the process of remembering visual images
external visual stimuli are converted into internal mental representations that can then be processed and stored into memory

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16
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the process of encoding auditory input for storage and retrieval

17
Q

semantic encoding

A

a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something is encoded
encoding of info focusing on meaningful aspects as opposed to perceived characteristics

18
Q

imagery

A

cognitive generation of a representation from input from the 5 senses

19
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

20
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically

21
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
a picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

22
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3/4 seconds

23
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
a neural basis for learning and memory

24
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memories, including facts, info, and experiences

25
Q

implicit memory
AKA nondeclarative memory

A

retention of learned skills/classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

26
Q

explicit memory
AKA declarative memory

A

retention of facts/experiences that one can consciously know and declare

27
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process for storage of explicit memories of facts/evidence

28
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier
(ex. fill in the blank tests)

29
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned
(ex. multiple choice tests)

30
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that asses the amount of time saved when learning material again

31
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain association, predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

32
Q

déjá vu

A

“I’ve experienced this before”
cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

33
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

34
Q

proactive interference

A

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

35
Q

retroactive interference

A

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old info

36
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

37
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when misleading info has distorted one’s memory of an event

38
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory of how/when/where info was learned/imagined - at the heart of many false memories