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Psychopharmacology > Final exam: Psychotherapeutics > Flashcards

Final exam: Psychotherapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

A disorder of psychological functioning that warrants treatment describes a

A

Mental Disorder

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2
Q

What is the difference between Anxiety and Fear

A

Fear is a negative emotion caused by real or perceived imminent danger or threat while anxiety is worry or distress about potential events or dangers

Fear involves things that are about to happen or currently happening while anxiety involved things that could happen

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3
Q

Anxiety Disorder is described as

A

Anxiety that isn’t adaptive and disrupts everyday life/activities

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4
Q

Incessant worry, hopelessness, hypertension, and tachycardia describes symptoms of ______

A

Anxiety Disorder

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of Anxiety and Anxiety-ish Disorders?

A
  1. Phobia
  2. Panic Disorder
  3. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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6
Q

What structure of the brain is involved in Anxiety?

A

The Amygdala

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7
Q

Amanda suffers from anxiety, what pharmaceutical treatments may she be prescribed?

A

Anti-Anxiety Drugs or Anxiolytic Medication

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8
Q

What are the 3 most common Anti-Anxiety Medications?

A
  1. Barbiturates
  2. Benzodiazepines
  3. Z-drugs
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9
Q

The first class of Anxiolytic drugs that is FDA approved to treat anxiety?

A

Barbiturates

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10
Q

What was the First Barbiturate?

A

Barbital

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11
Q

How are barbiturates classified?

A

They are classified by time course.

Some will be Ultra short-acting where effects only last for about 30 minutes
Some will be Short or intermediate
Some will be long-lasting where effects will last about 10 to 12 hours

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12
Q

Which class of Barbiturates are most commonly abused?

A

Those that are Ultra-short actinge

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13
Q

Why might someone die from using a Barbiturate?

A

Accidental Overdose can lead to respiratory depression

If taken with alcohol it can cause suffication

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14
Q

If Barney was to suddenly stop taking a Barbiturate what might happen?

A

Barbiturate abstinence Syndrome in which he will experience anxiety, muscle weakness, stomach pain, and maybe seizures

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15
Q

What Anti-Anxiety class of drug is the most precribes class of psychoactive drugs in the US

A

Benzos or benzodiazepines

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16
Q

What are four most common Benzos?

A

Chlordiazepoxide
Diazepam
Xanax
Klonopin

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17
Q

What is the difference between Short and Intermediate/Long lasting Benzos?

A

Short-acting is usually prescribed for as-needed anxiety and the effects will last for about 12 to 24 hours while long/ inter is used to relieve or prevent Generalized anxiety disorder

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18
Q

Susan missed one dose of her benzodiazepine, what is she most likely experiencing?

A

She may be going through a Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. She will be experiencing depression, anxiety, mania, and suicide ideation. She may also be experiencing convulsions

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19
Q

How woudld someone know they have developed a dependence for Benzoss ?

A

If they miss a dose and they begin to experience withdrawal symptoms like depression, anxiety, mania, convulsions

20
Q

Most widely prescribed sleep aids in the world describes what class of drug?

A

Z-drugs

21
Q

Z-drugs are

A

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics

22
Q

Zana is taking a Z-drug and her doctor described the risk to her. What would he tell her the risk are?

A

Sleep-Related complex behaviors which include sleep-walking, talking, eating, and driving

Essentially performing very complex behaviors while completely asleep

23
Q

How is Major Depressive Disorder diagnosed?

A

When a person has at least 5 symptoms within a period of two weeks

Symptoms can include: Depressive Mood, Lack of interest, change in body weight, feelings of worthlessness, and difficulty thinking or concentrating

24
Q

Dan has been experiencing a depressed mood every day for the past 2 years. What is he most likely going to be diagnosed with?

A

Persistent Depressive Disorder

25
Q

Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder can also persist with specifiers:

A

Anxious distress or psychotic features

26
Q

What brain abnormalities are seen in Depression?

A

Overactive amygdala
Less cells in the hippocampus
Reduction in the prefrontal cortex
underactivity in the basal ganglia/nucleus accumbens

27
Q

States that depression is caused by insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons, specifically focusing on Norepinephrine and Serotonin

A

The Monoamine Hypothesis

28
Q

What should all drugs in the Antidepressant category aim to do?

A

Try to enhance monoamines in the synapse

29
Q

Dan is prescribes an Antidepressant but he doesnt know which one, do you?

A

Dan was either prescribed an MAO inhibitor, A tricyclic antiD, an SSRI, an SNRI, or an atypical antiD

30
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

31
Q

What was the first and second SSRIs availabe?

A

First was Zelmid but was taken off the market because it damaged myelin in Neurons and the second was Prozac

32
Q

What does Prozac do in the synapse

A

It blocks the reuptake of serotonin, which increases the activation of serotonin receptors

33
Q

Who shoudl absolutely not be given SSRIs?

A

Children and teenagers due to an increased suicide risk

34
Q

Dan has been prescribed an SSRI what are some risks associated with taking them?

A

Serotonin Syndrome (High Doses) is marked by agitation, disturbances in cognitive function, and hallucinations
Serotonin discontinuation syndrome - Sensory and Sleep disturbances, flulike symptoms, and balance issues
Emotional Blunting - Emotional Detachment

35
Q

What are the limitations of Drug treatment?

A
  1. Compliance
  2. Length of Response time
  3. Treatment Resistance
  4. Placebo Effects
36
Q

Dysfunctional fluctuations between depressive and manic mood state characterizes :

A

Bipolar Disorder

37
Q

Explain type I and type II Bipolar Disorder:

A

Type I is severe manic with or without depressive episodes while type II is less severe manic with depressive episodes

38
Q

What brain abnormalities might you see in someone with bipolar disorder?

A
  1. Reduced activity in frontal and temporal lobes of right hemisphere = Manic
  2. Reduced activity in frontal and temporal lobes of left hemisphere = depressive episodes
  3. Excessive activitu on cortical white matter areas
39
Q

Bill is suffering from Biopolar Disorder, what psychotherapies may be available to him?

A

Mood Stabilizers
Anticonvulsive Drugs
Atypical antipsychotic drugs

40
Q

A severe, chronic psychotic illness that results in the decline in long-term psychosocial and occupational functioning

A

Schizophrenia

41
Q

What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A
  • Delusions
  • Auditory Hallucinations
  • Catatonia
  • incoherent speech and thought
42
Q

What are some negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A
  • Lack of emotional expression
  • Lack of motivation
  • Lack of experiencing pleasure
  • Lack of speech
43
Q

The dopamine Hypothesis explains that

A

Schizophrenia is due to excess dopamine and that antipsychotics should redupe dopamine

44
Q

The glutamate hypothesis explains that

A

Glutamate transmission is low in patients with schizophrenia

45
Q

Motor disorder characterized by involuntary facial movements ( smacking an d sucking of the lips, rolling of the tongue, and puffing of the cheeks )

A

Tardive Dyskinesia

Psychopharmacology (12 decks)

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