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geology > ground water > Flashcards

ground water Flashcards

1
Q

where is ground water present?

A

where the material of the crust has pores or fractures

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2
Q

what is the water table?

A

the level below which the ground is saturated with water

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3
Q

what is the worlds most important source of fresh water?

A

groundwater

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4
Q

how much of canadas population depends on groundwater?

A

30%

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5
Q

what is the boundary between unsaturated and saturated called?

A

the capillary fringe

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6
Q

what is the unsaturated zone?

A

air in between pores of soil

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7
Q

what is the saturated zone?

A

water filled up all pores in the soil

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8
Q

when does the water table rise/ fall?

A

with the seasons and when they change

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9
Q

what characteristics do ground water have that are different from surface water?

A

flows more slowly
harder to get water in or out

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10
Q

what is porosity?

A

The total volume of open space

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11
Q

where does ground water reside?

A

in subsurface pore spaces

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12
Q

what are the two types of porosity?

A

primary
secondary

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13
Q

what is primary porosity?

A

originally formed with the material

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14
Q

what are examples of primary porosity?

A

Voids in sediment
Vesicles in basalt

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15
Q

what is secondary porosity?

A

porosity develops after the rock is formed

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16
Q

what causes secondary porosity?

A

fracturing
faulting
dissolution

17
Q

what is permeability?

A

The ease of water flow due to pore interconnectedness

18
Q

what are characteristics of permeability?

A

Highly permeable material allows water to flow readily
* Water cannot flow through impermeable material
* Many large and straight flow paths enhance permeability

19
Q

what is an aquifer?

A

sediment or rock that transmits water easily

20
Q

what is an aquitard?

A

impermeable or low permeability sediment or rock that hinders water flow

21
Q

what is unconfined aquifer?

A

an aquifer that intersects the surface
– In contact with the
atmosphere
– Easily contaminated

22
Q

what is a confined aquifer?

A

an aquifer beneath an aquitard
– Isolated from the surface
– Less susceptible to
pollution

23
Q

what is the hydraulic gradient?

A

slope of the water table

24
Q

what is groundwater fed by?

A

snowmelt and rainfall

25
Q

what are the two types of losing streams?

A

connected
disconnected

26
Q

what is a connected losing stream?

A

the water table and the stream connects

27
Q

what is a disconnected losing stream?

A

the water table is much below the stream

28
Q

why are wetlands important?

A

storage of both surface and groundwater

29
Q

what is hydraulic pressure?

A

Groundwater moves in response to gravity and hydraulic pressure

30
Q

what is hard water?

A

Water with high levels of calcium or magnesium

31
Q

what are the 4 groundwater remediation treatments?

A

Permeable reactive barriers
* Bioremediation
* Phytoremediation
* Thermal or electrical treatments

32
Q

what is permeable reactive barriers?

A

barriers that are only selective to some things, separates good from bad

33
Q

what is bioremediation?

A

organisms are used to soak things up

34
Q

what is thermal/electrical treatments?

A

attracts or rejects various isotopes

35
Q

what is phytoremediation?

A

the use of living plants to clean soil

36
Q

what are types of hydrothermal activity?

A

geyser
hot spring
fumarole

geology (15 decks)

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