Chapter 7

Question 1

Families headed by single women are now _____ as likely to be poor compared to families headed by single men.

-twice
-three times
-four times
-five times

Answer 1

twice

Question 2

The idea that a society’s productivity will be optimized to the extent that jobs are awarded based on competency is supported by the _____ argument against discrimination.

-utilitarian
-rights-based
-justice-based
-distributive

Answer 2

utilitarian

Question 3

Which of the following types of discrimination has widespread effects within an organization because it is based on processes and policies?

-Intentional
-Unintentional
-Individual
-Institutional

Answer 3

Institutional

Question 4

Which of the following arguments against discrimination supports the view that discrimination arbitrarily closes off to minorities and women the more desirable positions, thereby not giving them an opportunity equal to others?

-Nonutilitarian
-Rights-based
-Justice-based
-Kantian

Answer 4

Justice-based

Question 5

Which of the following describes an indication that discrimination exists because there is a disproportionate number of a protected group in less desirable positions within the organization?

-Prima facie
-Intionality
-Adverse impact
-Affirmative action

Answer 5

Prima facie

Question 6

Which of the follow is an outcome of Supreme Court rulings that pertain to affirmative action programs in the workplace?

-Race and gender can be the only factors in an affirmative action program.
-Affirmative action programs must have specific quota goals.
-Affirmative action programs must be temporary and narrowly tailored to achieve their objectives.
-Affirmative action programs cannot be used to increase diversity at public institutions.

Answer 6

Affirmative action programs must be temporary and narrowly tailored to achieve their objectives

Question 7

Which of the following is a goal of affirmation action programs from an equal justice perspective?

-To place society’s benefits and burdens on protected classes
-To neutralize competitive advantages
-To neutralize unconscious bias in To eliminate the need for a more just society
-To eliminate the need for a more just society.

Answer 7

To neutralize unconscious bias in employment decisions

Question 8

Which of the following supports the idea that people have an obligation to pay those whom they have intentionally and unjustly wronged?

-Affirmative action
-Compensatory justice
-Quotas
-Increasing utility

Answer 8

Compensatory justice

Question 9

Opponents of affirmative action programs have argued that criteria besides race and sex must be considered when making job decisions. Which of the following indicates the need for the inclusion of other criteria?

-If only race and sex are used as criteria, the result will be the hiring of unqualified workers.
-Productivity will remain steady but will not improve if hiring is done on the basis of race and sex.
-Only women and minorities with equal skills and qualifications should be considered.
-The Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not allow employers to correct programs that are not morally unjust.

Answer 9

If only race and sex are used as criteria, the result will be the hiring of unqualified workers

Question 10

Which of the following was designed to protect people who have a physical or mental limitation that might prevent them from doing some aspect of a job?

-Age Discrimination in Employment Act
-Affirmative action
-Quotas
-Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Answer 10

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Question 11

Which of following best describes the idea that individuals who are equal in all respects relevant to a type of treatment should be treated equally even if they are dissimilar in other, nonrelevant respects.

-Kantian arguments
-Stereotyping
-Cultural traditions
-Principles of equality

Answer 11

Principles of equality

Question 12

Of all the new jobs created during the past two decades, how many of them require education beyond high school?

-one-tenth
-one-quarter
-one-third
-one-half

Answer 12

one-third

Question 13

Which of the following arguments are used by those organizations that support the goal of diversity in the workforce?

-Affirmative action plans eliminate reverse discrimination.
-Global marketplaces can only be developed with exposure to diversity.
-Racial discrimination still exists today and must be ended.
-Sexism and racist bigotry deny women and minorities opportunities.

Answer 13

Global marketplaces can only be developed with exposure to diversity

Question 14

According to the utilitarian argument against discrimination, jobs should be assigned based on _____ as long as such assignments advance the public welfare.

-gender
-qualifications
-education
-race

Answer 14

qualifications

Question 15

Which of the following is a criticism of current affirmative action plans?

-They work to eliminate discrimination in the future, but they do not correct past wrongs.
-They work to protect the opportunities of women and minorities, but not other groups.
-They work to correct past wrongs, not prevent further discrimination.
-They work to provide additional compensation to those that have been wronged, but do not work to protect entire groups.

Answer 15

They work to correct past wrongs, not prevent further discrimination

Question 16

Which of the following is carried out as the result of unconscious factors such as processes that have unintended outcomes?

-Intentional discrimination
-Unintentional discrimination
-Individual discrimination
-Institutional discrimination

Answer 16

Unintentional discrimination

Question 17

Which of the following is cited as one reason why minorities make less money than whites?

-Minorities are steered into low-paying professions such as education.
-Minorities face a glass ceiling as they advance in their career.
-Sexual harassment is greater for minorities than other groups, including women.
-Minorities need skills and education but have a comparative lack of both.

Answer 17

Minorities needs skills and education but have a comparative lack of both

Question 18

Which of the following must be involved in order to have discrimination in employment?

-The discrimination must be based on long-standing beliefs about a person or group.
-The decision must be based on prejudice.
-The decision must be based on individual merit.
-The decision must be supported by the institution or organization.

Answer 18

The decision must be based on prejudice

Question 19

Decisions based on _____ are decisions based on ideas about race, gender, or other stereotypes.

-a negative impact
-a harmful impact
-individual merit
-prejudice

Answer 19

prejudice

Question 20

Which of the following describes the relationship between pay and the number of women working in an occupation?

-The more women in an occupation, the higher the pay for that occupation.
-The more women in an occupation, the lower the pay for that occupation.
-The fewer women in an occupation, the higher the pay for women in that occupation.
-The fewer women in an occupation, the lower the pay for everyone in that occupation.

Answer 20

The more women in an occupation, the lower the pay for that occupation

Question 21

Which of the following provides for a way to measure the success of affirmative action programs?

• A clear identification of the purpose of the study
  -Specific and measurable quotas
  -A comparison of women and minorities in each job classification
  -Coordinated increased recruitment of women and minorities

Answer 21

Specific and measurable quotas

Question 22

Which type of sexual harassment occurs when superiors or other workers engage in unwelcome sexual conduct that results in a workplace that is offensive or abusive to an employee?

-Hostile environment harassment
-Coercive
-Quid pro quo
-Implicit

Answer 22

Hostile environment harassment