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History-c > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

buddha

A

-means “enlightened one”
-original name Siddhartha Guatama
-reformed hinduism and created buddhism from his teachings

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2
Q

monsoon

A

-a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia
-blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter

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3
Q

steppe

A

a large, flat grassy plain devoid of trees save those near bodies of water

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4
Q

ideology

A

a set of beliefs

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5
Q

martial

A

relating to or suited for war or a warrior

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6
Q

confucianism

A

-a chinese political philosophy that was political and ethical, not spiritual
- formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius
-towards the end of the zhou dynasty
-intended to help restore order to a society in a state of confusion
-useless to speculate on spiritual questions, assume there is an order in the universe
-governed by 5 main relationships
-humans are basically good
- the ruler should rule by example-
-it is the duty of human beings to work hard to improve life here on earth

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7
Q

monotheism

A

believing in one god

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8
Q

hieroglyphics

A

“priest-carvings” or “sacred writings,” a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Mayans

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9
Q

sanskrit

A

the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C.

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10
Q

aristocrat

A

an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another

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11
Q

Phoenicians

A

-trade is the basis of society and prosperity
*-best known for their ALPHABET(inspired many others like greek)
- built ships
-set up many other civilizations (Carthage),
-lived along the eastern coast of the mediterranean sea

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12
Q

**israelites

A

-A distinct group of organized tribes that established the religion of Judaism, which later influenced both Christianity and Islam
-minor factor in politics, JUDAISM,), history in the Hebrew bible (old testament) migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan, king David made Jerusalem their capital, Solomon

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13
Q

nile

A

-longest river in the world and found in egypt
- it splits into a delta before it empties into the Mediterranean
- north is called lower egypt and south is upper
- has a yearly and predictable yearly flood (it’s miracle)
- the flood left a rich deposit of mud>fertile, rich soil
- unified egypt and made egypt prosperous
- fastest way to travel> communication

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14
Q

varnas

A

the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a 4 social classes in what was believed to be an ideal social structure

first out of the groups : brahmins/ priests
2nd group: warrior administrators (kshatriyas )
3rd group: folk/ vaisya
4th group: varna/ sudras

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15
Q

pilgrim

A

a person who travels to a shrine or other holy place

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16
Q

dalits

A

-“the untouchables”
-exist outside the caste system
-Had to do the lowest tasks like cleaning the streets, etc. -So ritually impure that standing in one’s shadow was considered impure.

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17
Q

monastery

A
  • place where monks live and train
    -a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.
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18
Q

nirvana

A

in buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self and a reunion with the great world soul

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19
Q

karma

A

in Hinduism the force generated by a persons actions that determines how the person will be reborn in he next life

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20
Q

legalism

A

-proposes that humans are evil by nature and need harsh laws to correct their path
-legalists referred to as the “school of law”
-a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty

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21
Q

brahmin

A

-the highest level of the varnas
-the priests

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22
Q

brahman

A

-known as the great world soul
-ultimate goal is to have union with the Brahman

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23
Q

xian digsite

A
  • where Qin Shihuangdi left an underground terra cotta army of soldiers all with different faces
    -near the mound of his burial site
  • 6,000 soldiers, 7,000 bronze weapons, along with horses charriots etc
    -said to have been there to accompany him on his journey to the next world
24
Q

oracle

A

in ancient Greece a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestesses

25
Q

peloponesian war

A

-athens decided to stay inside the city walls and receive supplies from navy and their colonies
-spartans surrounded athens hoping athens would send out their army to fight beyond the walls
-the second year a plague broke out within the walls and killed more than a third
-25 years later athens’ fleet was damaged very bad so they surrendered
-the walls were torn down, navy disbanded, the athenian empire was destroyed.
-this caused the end of classical greek structure and government
-for the next years, sparta, athens, and thebes struggled to dominate and did not pay attention to the growing macedonia leading to the loss of their freedom

26
Q

acropolis

A

-the high city
-fortified area on top of a hill
-fortified with temples and important buildings

27
Q

**the dark age

A

-there is nothing for us to go back and review because there is no writing
-adopted the Phoenician writing system
-after the Mycenaean collapse, Greece had food and population decline-many Greeks left the mainland and sailed to other countries
-the revival of some agriculture and trade
-iron especially, making things more affordable and efficient

28
Q

polytheism

A

the belief in more than one god

29
Q

classical greece

A

KEY POINTS
-after the dark age and before alexanders conquest
-theology, the art, and architecture were very important
RELIGION
–affected every aspect of their life/considered it apart of the well being of the state
–influenced great buildings and temples
–12 olympians-> zeus, athena, apollo, artemis, ares, aphrodite, poseidon etc
ART/LITERATURE
–concerned with eternal ideas
–human being = object of great beauty
ideals of reason moderation balance and harmony in all things
ARCHITECTURE
–most important were temples dedicated to gods/goddesses
–a lot of marble and sculptures
–had mathematical equations for human sculptures and proportions
DRAMA
–greek tragedies had universal themes like good and evil, rights of an individual etc
–also had comedy

30
Q

Hammurabi

A
  • king of babylon (called himself “the sun of babylon”)
    -very good army tactics so he was able to expand the empire
    -made the code of Hammurabi which regulated peoples relationships and social guidlines
  • most of his laws followed the principle of “an eye for an eye”
    -largest category of his laws were about marriage and family
31
Q

Himalaya

A

-highest mountains in the world
-found in the far north of india
-directly north of the Ganges valley

32
Q

Hatsheput

A

-During the new kingdom, a queen Pharaoh assumed the throne
-her reign was very prosperous
-she encouraged mining, trading quests up the Nile, & military expeditions
-she built a temple dedicated to herself
-wanted to be addressed as “his majesty”

33
Q

Assyrian army

A

-very good at conquering others
-after a lot of practice, they developed effective military leaders and fighters
-deployed hundreds of thousands of warriors
-very organized and disciplined
-first large armies that were equipped with iron weapons
-a variety of military tactics
-used terror as an element of warfare

34
Q

Akhenaten

A

-Amenhotep changed his name to this
-it means “servant of Aten”
-He introduced the worship of Aten to egypt and pursued it enthusiastically
-he closed all temples of other gods
-this failed and brought destruction to Egypt until Tutankhamen restored the old gods

35
Q

sargon of akkad

A

-ruler of the Akkadians
-used former rulers of his conquered territories as his governors
-his power was based on military
-set up the first empire in world history
-his empire included all of Mesopotamia and westward to the mediterranean sea

36
Q

lower egypts

A

-where the nile splits into a delta
-northern region of the nile is called lower egypt while southern is called upper egypt because of the flow of the nile

37
Q

Minoan civilization

A

-on the island of Crete
-influenced peoples on the greek mainland
-discovered ruins of a palace complex that revealed a rich culture
-far-ranging sea-faring empire
-trade helped the Minoans improve their goods
-the civilization had a sudden collapse that many have developed theories on
-maybe a tidal wave and a volcanic eruption or an invasion by mainland greeks called the Myceneans

38
Q

King david

A

-Israelites established a united kingdom called Israel under his rule
-made jerusalem the capital of israel
-father of solomon

39
Q

gilgamesh

A

-created by the Mesopotamians
-epic poem written about him called “the epic of Gilgamesh”
-he is part man part god
-king of uruk
-best friend is Enkidu who dies and has nightmares about the afterlife
-Gilgamesh goes on a search for immortality

40
Q

theocracy

A

a government established by divine authority

41
Q

prehistory

A

-means “time before writing was developed”
- no written records exist for the prehistory of humankind
-depends on archaeological and biological evidence

42
Q

archaeologist

A

-a studier of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind (arrtifacts) for historical knowledge
-they dig up artifacts- objects made by humans
-these artifacts may be tools, weapons, art, or even buildings

43
Q

alexanders empire

A

-conquered Persia
-Phillip II of Macedonia’s son
-extended greek and Macedonian rule over large territory
- The creation of military monarchies by his successors was a large part of his political legacy
-Creation of Hellenistic kingdoms & hybrid hellenistic culture
-Spread of Greek art and thought
-After alexander’s death, four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged as successors to the empire

44
Q

the trojan war

A

-the story that the Iliad tells
-recorded on Homers pottery
-the Mycenaean greeks led by Agamemnon (Mycenae king) plundered the city of troy on the coast of Asia minor
-many believe this is a factual occurrence

45
Q

persian empire

A

*conquered babylon
*came about in modern day iran
*enemy of the greeks
*alexander and the greeks eventually defeated them
-primarily nomadic indo-Europeans
-have the reputation of being one of the greatest cities in the ancient world
-cyrus the great unified them and was one of the best leaders
-he wanted to extend persias territory
-let the captive jews go back to their homeland
-his son cambyses came and then darius
-Darius strengthened the government and split it into 20 provinces with governers
-they had an amazing form of communication and travel called the royal road
-they followed zoroastrianism
-a monotheistic religion following Ahuramazda (wise lord)

46
Q

nile river flood

A

*had a yearly predictable flood which led to stability
*never lost crops due to this
-left rich deposit of mud
-rich fertile soil on land around river after floods
-many believed it to be a miracle river

47
Q

Egyptian religion

A
  • polytheistic (religion was very important)
    -god’s was associated with heavenly bodies (2 groups)
    -Egyptians faced life with a spirit of confidence because of stability
  • characterized by years of continuity (religion-wise too)
48
Q

Iliad

A

-epic tells the story of the trojan war; the main character is Achilles; greeks vs trojans

49
Q

true/false modify: native Americans never developed a writing system

A

FALSE: they did and it is mostly pictures and not completely deciphered

50
Q

true/false modify: the Mongolians were a group of people who were often in conflict with ancient china

A

true

51
Q

true/false modify: egypt is located in southern asia

A

FALSE: northeast Africa

52
Q

true/false modify: the egyptians were always monotheistic

A

FALSE: polytheistic

53
Q

true/false modify: the Nile river flooded irregularly, causing the Egyptians to loose crops often

A

FALSE: it flooded regularly; they did not loose crops often because they were able to predict it leading to stability within their country

54
Q

native american writing

A

weren’t complex; mostly pictographs

55
Q

mongolians

A

-nomadic culture
-lived in the northern part of china
-often in conflict with china

56
Q

egyptian location

A

-north eastern location

History-c (9 decks)

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