chapter 8

Question 1

pax mongolica

Answer 1

-By this time the Mongol empire had split into four areas.
-Each was ruled by a “khan.”
-The Mongol Khans connected much of Europe and Asia’s people and enforced a general peace (“Pax” means peace in Latin).
-This unusually war-free time allowed more trade connections to develop all across what are now Africa, Europe and Asia, also known as Afro-Eurasia
-This connected more people in trade than ever before but it also spread the black death

Question 2

feudal

Answer 2

-relating to a system in which people were given protection and the use of land, in return for loyalty, payments, and services to a lord
- black death brought an end to this system which was one positive outcome

Question 3

constantinople

Answer 3

• eastern region of the church called byzantium
  -capital of the byzantine empire
  -latin crusaders sacked this city during the crusades
  -when muslims were threatening to invade this city, byzantine asked for help from the western catholic church

Question 4

**mongols

Answer 4

-connected europe and asia in peace
- established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
-made sure that networks grew and merchants prospered
- reason why the black death spread so widely
-known for some military violence and slaughtering

Question 5

**venice

Answer 5

-pax mongolica made venice and genoa very wealthy
-marco polo is from here

Question 6

ecclesiastical

Answer 6

of or relating to a church especially as an established institution

Question 7

holy land

Answer 7

-Jerusalem
-the land the latin christendom people wanted to reclaim by doing the crusades

Question 8

justinian

Answer 8

-one of the most important early emporers of byzantium
-ruler of both the church and of Byzantium
-controlled both aspects
-reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
-advisor was his wife theodora

Question 9

****saxons

Answer 9

-fought charlemagne and the franks many times until they ultimatley gave up
A group of Germanic people who migrated to Britain

Question 10

caliphate

Answer 10

-the rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler
- an islamic ruling by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

Question 11

Excommunicate

Answer 11

-what happened when both sides of the churches cut eachother off
-they closed the opposite churches in their territories (byzantine closed latin christendom churches and vice versa)
-they wanted to prevent the other from spreading

Question 12

*****Charlemagne

Answer 12

-crowned as emporer of the romans by pope leo
- carolignian dynasty king
-apart of the western frankish side
-very well known for his military successes that united western europe
-one of the most influential middle age rulers
-he was the main ruler of the franks at one point
-won the wars against the saxons

Question 13

Black Death

Answer 13

A deadly plague that swept through Europe

Question 14

Byzantine

Answer 14

-the eastern side of the church
-ruled by Justinian and called themselves roman
-The eastern church believed that Jesus was the son of God and therefore of two natures—one
divine and one human.
-spoke greek

Question 15

Islam

Answer 15

-the third successor of rome
-would eventually conquer a large portion of the roman territory

Question 16

Renaissance

Answer 16

-when learning, science, and art flourished in Rome
-means rebirth
-period of major growth after the middle ages

Question 17

Great Schism

Answer 17

-when the eastern and wester church split
-disagreed on specific rules of christianity so they cut eachother off and closed eachothers churches

Question 18

Christendom

Answer 18

-what the two churches (latin and Byzantium ) are called collectively
-both christian communities that evolved differently creating tension and two different forms of christianity

Question 19

Kublai Khan

Answer 19

-founded the chinese yuan dynasty
-Grandson of Genghis Khan
-moved capital from Karakorum (in Mongolia) to Beijing (in China)
- aided in the fluctuation of silk and porcelain for the china sea port

Question 20

Catholic

Answer 20

the western side of the church (latin christendom )
-universal: wide-ranging

Question 21

*****Frankish Kingdom

Question 22

Latin Church

Answer 22

-The western church
-sometimes called roman catholicism
-believed that Jesus was the son of God but that both had existed for all of eternity and therefore their divinity was co-equal.

Question 23

Pope Leo

Answer 23

-crowned Charlemagne to flex on Byzantium (showing that the pope has power to crown the holy roman emporer)
- western pope

Question 24

Cairo and Alexandria

Answer 24

-centers of the north African economy
-main contributors of gold, slaves, and iron

Question 25

***Marco Polo

Answer 25

traveled through the Mongol empire during the pax mongolica

Question 26

Afro-American-Eurasian Trade Network

Answer 26

-trade network established by the mongols
-extremely prosperous and successful
-connected many nations in asia europe and africa during the pax mongolica
-spread the black death

Question 27

**Chinggis Khan

Answer 27

-the head of a formidable cavalry of nomadic peoples, conquered the whole of Central Asia and the Persian Gulf region. He turned most of the Silk Road into a safe and unified trade system. Europeans began traveling these roads soon after
-this included marco polo
-spread a lot of major ideas and inventions

Question 28

Archipelago

Answer 28

-a chain of islands
-how they described the trade networks in europe
-each “island” was a major city

Question 29

*****Difference between the eastern and western churches

Answer 29

Yet, although Latin Christendom and the Empire of
Byzantium shared one Christian faith, they developed
different ways of thinking and living. Each emerged
from the destruction, chaos, and cultural decline of the
Roman empire and developed their own intellectual and
institutional traditions. These traditions then become
part of their faith and shaped their communities in quite
different ways.

E
-The eastern church believed that Jesus was the son of God and therefore of two natures—one divine and one human. (BELIEFS ABOUT JESUS’ NATURE)
-spoke greek (LANGUAGE )
-priests were able to marry (CELIBACY)
-leavened bread (BREAD FOR EUCHARIST)
- Leo III banned pictures, sculptures, etc of christ (ICONOCLASM CONTROVERSY)
-ruled by one emporer in control of religion and political matters

W
-The western church believed that Jesus was the son of God but that both had existed for all of eternity and therefore their divinity was co-equal. (BELIEFS ABOUT JESUS’ NATURE)
-spoke latin (LANGUAGE)
-celibate priests (CELIBACY)
-unleavened bread (BREAD FOR EUCHARIST)
-a pope to govern the church and a ruler to govern the people

Question 30

****Differences between the Eastern Roman Empire and Frankish Empire

Answer 30

eastern roman/byzantine
-had a very important ruler justinian
-had only one ruler over church and government
-eastern orthodox
-cut off icons
-ended after the fall of constantinople to the ottaman empire
-called themselves roman
-remained unified
-culture and trade benefited them
-land too big to maintain

Frankish
-very important ruler was charlemagne
-pope was pope leo
-Carolinians nearly recreated western rome
-mix of germanic culture and christian faith
-catholocism
-had a pope and a holy roman emporer unlike eastern
-kept the icons
-intolerance for pagan beliefs
-ended after the treaty of mersen
-had power and independence struggles within the territory

the iconoclasm controversy and the crowing of charlemagne as “holy roman empire” by pope leo brought the tension to its breaking point