13: Business

Question 1

Refers to the increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors.

Answer 1

Hawthorne effect

Question 2

In personnel selection, recruiting a competent staff is the first important step in developing a successful organization. True or False?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Employment interviews may actually diminish the tendency of employers to make simple stereotyped judgments.

But interviews often give rise to poor selection decisions, in part because of the self-presentations of applicants and by expectations of the interviewer that bias the interview.

Answer 3

The Typical Job Interview

Question 4

Some faking behaviors during interviews:

“I claimed that I have skills I do not have”

Answer 4

Outright lying

Question 5

Some faking behaviors during interviews:

“I exaggerated my responsibilities from previous jobs”

Answer 5

Exaggeration

Question 6

Some faking behaviors during interviews:

“I laughed at the interviewers jokes even when they were not funny”

Answer 6

Ingratiation

Question 7

Some faking behaviors during interviews:

“When asked directly, I did not mention some problems that I had in past jobs”

Answer 7

Image protection

Question 8

Many companies use standardized tests of cognitive ability, personality, and integrity as part of the selection process. _____ as a screening device.

Answer 8

Polygraph

Question 9

questionnaires designed to test a job applicants honesty and character

Answer 9

Integrity tests

Question 10

In which all applicants are evaluated in a standardized manner; were asked a standard set of questions and evaluated on the same criteria

Answer 10

Structured interview

Question 11

It involves the evaluation of an employee and communication of the results to that person.

Answer 11

Performance appraisals

Question 12

The research shows that ______ ratings are based largely on job-relevant characteristics.

These ratings may be biased by halo effects, contrast effects, and individual differences in the tendency to give high, low, or neutral ratings on a numeric scale.

Answer 12

Supervisor ratings

Question 13

_____ also figure into performance appraisals, but they tend to be self-serving and inflated; are higher among those who have power in an organization. They are also higher among men than among women.

Answer 13

Self-evaluations

Question 14

PA can be improved:

Answer 14

-ratings are made shortly after observation, careful notes are taken
-multiple raters are used
-raters are trained

Question 15

The negative feedback is sandwiched between positive feedback.

Answer 15

Feedback sandwich

Question 16

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group (Myers, 2015)

Answer 16

Leadership

Question 17

David McClellan believed that we have three psychological needs:

Answer 17

1. Need for power
2. Need for affiliation
3. Need for achievement

Question 18

want others to follow him/her

Answer 18

Need for power

Question 19

need to please others or you want others to like you.

Answer 19

Need for affiliation

Question 20

need for you to reach your goals and to be competitive

Answer 20

Need for achievement

Question 21

the motivation to lead as a result of a desire to be in charge and lead others.

Answer 21

Affective identity motivation

Question 22

those who seek leadership positions because they will result in personal gain.

Eg. an extra points for leader in group work

Answer 22

Noncalculative motivation–

Question 23

the desire to lead out of a sense of duty or responsibility.

Answer 23

Social-normative motivation

Question 24

directive, non-participative, and domineering

Answer 24

Autocratic leadership

Question 25

participative, communicative, and egalitarian

Answer 25

Democratic leadership

Question 26

‘hands-off’, with few attempt made to influence others

engage in ‘non-leadership,’ that is they avoid making decisions, hesitate in taking action and are often absent when needed

Answer 26

Laissez-faire leadership

Question 27

reward followers who keep up their end of the bargain and correct those who do not.

Answer 27

Transactional leaders

Question 28

motivate followers through their charisma, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, and personal concern for others.

Answer 28

Transformational leaders

Question 29

believe that employees are intrinsically motivated, seek responsibility, are self-controlled, and do not necessarily dislike work.

Answer 29

Person-oriented leaders

Question 30

see their employees as lazy, extrinsically motivated, wanting security, undisciplined, and shirking responsibility.

Answer 30

Task-oriented leaders

Question 31

High people/Low task

Answer 31

Country club

Question 32

High people/high task

Answer 32

Team leader

Question 33

Low people/low task

Answer 33

Impoverished

Question 34

Low people/high task

Answer 34

Authority/obedience

Question 35

Both economic and social factors influence motivation in the workplace. True or False?

Answer 35

True

Question 36

states that workers behave in ways designed to produce the most desirable outcome.

Various incentive programs are thus used to motivate by reward.

Answer 36

Vroom’s expectancy theory

Question 37

When people perceive a reward as a bribe and a means of controlling their behavior, they lose interest in the work itself. True or false?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

When a reward is presented as a bonus, giving positive information about the quality of work, it can enhance intrinsic motivation. True or false?

Answer 38

True

Question 39

says that the ratio between inputs and outcomes should be the same for all workers.

Answer 39

Equity theory

Question 40

Research shows that workers adjust their productivity levels upward when they feel overpaid and downward when they feel underpaid. True or False?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Although money is a powerful motivating force, a study showed that making meaningful progress in their work was the aspect of their day most frequently associated with a good mood and high level of motivation.

Answer 41

The progress principle