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ASC378 > Feed Additives > Flashcards

Feed Additives Flashcards

1
Q

Various nonnutritive substances added to a ration to:

A

-stimulate growth or other types of performance
-improvement of feed utilization of feed efficiency
-improving the health of the animal

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2
Q

Factors other than bio-efficacy considered relative to the use of an additive:

A

-cost
-toxicity
-tissue residues

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3
Q

Do feed additives produces their response in young, rapidly growing animals or mature animals?

A

young, rapidly growing animals

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4
Q

What are the two exceptions of additives that benefit mature animals?

A

-buffers
-thyroprotein compounds

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5
Q

Some feed additives have demonstrated ___________ responses and others demonstrated fairly ____________ responses

A

-situation-specific
-universal

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6
Q

Most common nonnutritive additives in common use:

A

-antibacterial agents
-hormones and their derivatives
-others (buffers, activated charcoal, antioxidants, bentonite, bloat-control compounds, methane inhibitors, enzymes, coccidiostats, B-agonists)

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7
Q

The two types of antibacterial agents:

A

-antibiotics
-sulfa drugs

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8
Q

Feed additive classifications

A

-medications
-antioxidant
-antifungal agents
-enzymes
-direct-fed microbials
-essential oils
-fermentation products
-herbs
-pellet binders
-surfactants
-pigments
-flavors
-stool conditioners
-buffers

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9
Q

Sub-therapeutic antibiotics action

A

antimicrobial

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10
Q

Sub-therapeutic antibiotics decreases:

A

-sub-clinical infections
-growth depressing microbial metabolites
-gut maintenance
-competition for nutrients

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11
Q

Organic acids action

A

antimicrobial (Gr-)

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12
Q

Plant extracts action

A

-varied physiological functions
-antimicrobial
-altered mucin production
-decreased intestinal “turnover”

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13
Q

Probiotics action

A

-specific pathogen exclusion
-immunological modulation
-improved nutrient use
-antimicrobial action (decrease pH and bacteriocins)

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14
Q

What are antimicrobial agents and anthelmintics defined as by the FDA?

A

drugs

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15
Q

What does the FDA regulate with antimicrobial agents?

A

-usage levels
-allowable combinations
-periods of withdraw prior to slaughter

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16
Q

Antibiotics

A

a compound synthesized by a living organism which inhibits the growth of another organism

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17
Q

What are antibiotics effective in?

A

-improving performance
-their ability to suppress or inhibit growth of certain microorganisms

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18
Q

Absorption of antibiotics

A

some are readily absorbed into the vascular system, others are hardly absorbed at all

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19
Q

General performance enhancement levels fed:

A

low levels of 5-50 g/ton

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20
Q

Disease prevention levels fed:

A

50-200 g/ton feed

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21
Q

Therapeutic levels fed:

A

200-500 g/ton

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22
Q

Therapeutic additives are used for:

A

-control of respiratory diseases
-diarrhea
-short-term treatment of the entire group of animals

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23
Q

Effects of antibiotic feeding

A

-reduced morbidity
-reduced incidence of secondary infections
-reduced incidence of dehydration and pneumonia

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24
Q

What happens to animals responding to antibiotic feeding?

A

-consume more feed than controls
-gain weight faster, so less food is needed per unit gain

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25
Q

Uses for antibiotics in cattle:

A

-best benefit to young stressed calves arriving to feedlot and cattle that has been mismanaged
-reduced the incidence of liver abscesses on high grain rations for feedlot cattle

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26
Q

Uses for antibiotics in sheep:

A

-used for finishing lambs
-used for feedlot lambs

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27
Q

Uses for antibiotics in dairy cows:

A

-does not increase milk production
-feeding high levels of antibiotics is prohibited by law because residue could carry into the milk

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28
Q

Antibiotics effects on the nutrition of animals must be __________

A

secondary, because they are drugs not nutrients

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29
Q

The metabolic affect of antibiotics:

A

the drug affects various enzyme systems such as oxidative phosphorylation reactions

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30
Q

The nutrient-sparing effect of antibiotics:

A

via altered microbial composition of the GI tract where the antibiotic may:
-stimulate microorganisms that favor nutrient synthesis of a critical nutrient
-suppression of organisms which compete with host for dietary needs
-improved nutrient absorption = thinner, healthier intestinal walls

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31
Q

Disease control of antibiotics:

A

benefits from suppression or control of subclinical or non-specific diseases

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32
Q

Societal concerns for antibiotics:

A

-have antibiotics become less effective from antibiotic resistant strains?
-does feeding antibiotics pose a public health threat?

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33
Q

Does feeding antibiotics pose a public health threat?

A

-antibiotic resistant strains of non-pathogenic bacteria with transferable resistant (R) factors emerge in the intestines of the animal being fed antibiotics
-R factors may be transferred to virulent bacteria in the animals
-Virulent, antibiotic-resistant bacteria a passed on to man

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34
Q

What is the difference in resistant bacteria in rural (works with animals) vs. city living?

A

nothing, failed to detect any differences

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35
Q

MGA

A

melengestrol acetate, a synthetic progestogen

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36
Q

What does MGA do when fed to feedlot heifers?

A

-suppresses estrus
-appears to promote growth (which may be due to water retention)

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37
Q

Synovex

A

S = 200 mg progesterone + 20 mg of estradiol benzoate
H = 200 mg testosterone + 20 mg of estradiol propionate
-sex specific

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38
Q

What does synovex do?

A

-increases of 10-15% in ADG
-savings in feed

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39
Q

Ralgro

A

-brand of zeranol
-acts like an estrogen

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40
Q

Zeranol

A

the active compound is resorcyclic acid lactone, a product isolated from a type of corn mold
-Ralgro is a brand of this

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41
Q

What does Ralgro do?

A

-acts like estrogen
-response is best with high quality rations (rations with an adequate supply of protein and energy)

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42
Q

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

A

a synthetic estrogen that was used for ~18 years in cattle industry before its removal in 1972

43
Q

What industry was DES used in?

A

cattle

44
Q

Bovine SomatoTrophin (BST)

A

injectable growth hormone

45
Q

What does Bovine SomatoTrophin do?

A

increases milk production in dairy cattle

46
Q

What has received widespread interest in animal production?

A

thyroid-active hormones

47
Q

Thyroid-Active hormones

A

-use of thyroxine and thyroproteins
-mostly commonly used for lactating cows and ewes
-feed consumtion will generally increase

48
Q

Activated Carbon-=

A

-fed at a rate of 5% of the diet to reduce the recycling of such pesticides as dieldrin and DDT in dairy cows

49
Q

What happens when activated carbon is fed?

A

much of the exrected compounds may be absorbed and passed out of the body

50
Q

How are pesticides recycled?

A

via the bile

51
Q

Bentonite

A

sodium bentonite is a relatively inert mortmorillonite clay

52
Q

What is bentonite often used as ?

A

a pellet binder

53
Q

Benefits come from the addition of ______% bentonite to diets containing __________

A

0.5%; aflatoxin

54
Q

Bloat control compounds

A

shown considerable promise for control of pasture bloat provided a relatively regular intake can be obtained

55
Q

Buffers

A

needed when shifting ruminants from a high roughage diet to a high concentrate diet

56
Q

What does buffers need to be followed by?

A

a rapid introduction of a highly fermentable CHO source in the diet

57
Q

Indicators of needing buffers:

A

-high concentrate diets = less chewing and cud regurgitation = less salivary secretions = less bicarbonate being returned to the rumen
-high contrate diets = high acid production from VFA’s and the inability of microorganims to shift rapidly with a build up of lactic acid results in further rumen pH decline
-high concentrate diets offer little buffering capacity themselves
-faulty mineral ratios in mineral supplements would benefit from a buffer sometimes

58
Q

3 instances buffers are useful:

A

-use of ammonium in pre-partum cows may reduce the incidence of milk fever
-low milkfat problems - buffers help return to normal milk fat %
-sudden ration shifts to high concentrate diets

59
Q

Enzymes

A

-must be matched to the substrate
-may need protection from certain GI environmental factors

60
Q

Methane inhibitors

A

used because 10% of the total energy intake of ruminants is lost as methane

61
Q

B-agonists

A

re-partitioning agent fed for a period of time before slaughter that directs nutrients more toward protein deposition and away from fat deposition

62
Q

Moat common B-agonist

A

ractopamine

63
Q

Mold products

A

-antibiotics
-mycotoxins

64
Q

Mycotoxins

A

toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi (molds)
secreted to protect mold’s food

65
Q

Myco =

A

fungus

66
Q

Toxin =

A

poison or toxicant of fungal origin

67
Q

Mycotoxicoses

A

diseases produced by mycotoxins

68
Q

Cytotoxicity

A

disrupting cell membranes, protein DNA synthesis

69
Q

How many molds produce toxins?

A

100

70
Q

How many molds are mainly toxic for animals?

A

13

71
Q

What products are mycotoxins more common in?

A

cereals and oilseeds (not as much in animal products)

72
Q

Moulds

A

aerobic multi-cellular organisms

73
Q

What does mould growth require less of than bacterial growth?

A

less available water

74
Q

Do all moulds produce mycotoxins?

A

no

75
Q

________ are secondary metabolites of mould growth

A

mycotoxins

76
Q

General effects of mycotoxins are dependent on what?

A

-toxin dependent
-dose dependent

77
Q

General effects of mycotoxins

A

-feed refusal
-digestive problems: diarrhea, vomit
-nervous system (tremors, weakness, staggering)
-reproduction (from conception to abortion
-immune suppression
-organ damage
-teratogenic (embryonic malfunctions)
-carcinogenic
-death

78
Q

Important mycotoxins in US:

A

-Aflatoxins
-Zearalenone
-Trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, vomitoxin)
-Fumonsin
-ochratoxin

79
Q

Aflatoxins are associated with field crops where in the US?

A

-north carolina
-arizona
-arkansas

80
Q

Ergotamine are associated with field crops where in the US?

A

colorado

81
Q

Tremorgens are associated with field crops where in the US?

A

-northern california
-louisiana

82
Q

DON (Vomitoxin) are associated with field crops where in the US?

A

-south dakota
-Michigan

83
Q

Ochratoxin are associated with field crops where in the US?

A

south carolina

84
Q

Zearalenone are associated with field crops where in the US?

A

Wisconsin

85
Q

Factors contributing to aflatoxin formation:

A

-storage conditions (humidity)
-grain humidity (>13%)
-water stress (drought or wet harvest)
-insect damage
-high temperatures (90 F during critical time in development)
-plant variety
-planting density
-soil fertility
-late planting and harvest date

86
Q

Black sclerotia (ergots) is caused by what?

A

claviceps purpurea infection in barley

87
Q

Aflatoxins aspergillus:

A

> 185 Sps

88
Q

Aflatoxins attack what?

A

the vascular system (hemorrhages)

89
Q

What might help aflatoxin affects?

A

vitamin K

90
Q

Aflatoxin

A

-teratogenic
-one of the most potent carcinogens

91
Q

What occurs in most feeds?

A

mycotoxins and moulds

92
Q

Aflatoxins B1

A

the most hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and prevalent

93
Q

Aflatoxins M1

A

aflatoxin metabolite in milk

94
Q

Acute primary mycotoxicoses

A

-high toxins
-hepatitis, nephritis, necrosis of epithelium, death

95
Q

Chronis primary mycotoxicoses

A

-lower toxins over a longer period of time
-detriments growth performance

96
Q

Secondary mycotoxic diseases

A

-even lower toxins
-immunosuppression

97
Q

What happens to liver with increased aflatoxins?

A

the liver pales

98
Q

Ammoniation (2%)

A

one of the most effective preventatives of mold growth in stored grains

99
Q

Organic acids

A

-prevents mold growth in stored grains
-propionic, acetic, sorbic, benzoic

100
Q

Salts of organic acids

A

-prevents mold growth in stored grains
-calcium propionate, potassium sorbate
-less effective than acids

101
Q

Reducing aflatoxin content

A

-mechanical screening (separating grains)
-chemical inactivation: ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde, HCl, NH3, H2O2
-Propionic acid
-heating (not effective)
-blending (prohibited by FDA)

102
Q

Inorganic binders (mineral clays)

A

-alters response to mycotoxins
-bentonite
-zeolites
-hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates

103
Q

Organic binders

A

-alters response to mycotoxins
-cell wall carbohydrates from yeasts

104
Q

Methods of altering responses to mycotoxins:

A

-inorganic binders
-organic binders
-increase plane of nutrition (protein, energy, and vitamin contents)
-dehydrated alfalfa meal

ASC378 (14 decks)

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