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ocr psychology a-level > debates > Flashcards

debates Flashcards

1
Q

strength of breaking deception guidelines?

A

to reduce demand characteristics

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2
Q

weakness of breaking deception guidelines?

A

ps may not have signed up if they were told true aim = issues with consent

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3
Q

strength of breaking consent guidelines?

A

reduces demand characteristics, especially in covert or field studies

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4
Q

weaknesses of breaking consent guidelines?

A

ps may not want to take part ( +in future research), discredits psychology

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5
Q

strengths about breaking confidentiality?

A

if someone said something or did something that needed to be reported in order to protect themselves or others

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6
Q

weakness of breaking confidentiality

A

people may not want findings from the study to be revealed publically with their details, issues with protection

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7
Q

strengths of breaking observation guidelines

A

higher ecological validity

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8
Q

weaknesses of breaking observation guidelines

A

issues with consent and protection due to invasion of privacy, discredits psychology

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9
Q

strengths of breaking withdrawal guidelines?

A

get to keep all your data

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10
Q

weaknesses of breaking withdrawal guidelines?

A

issues with protection

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11
Q

strengths of breaking protection guidelines

A

ecological validity

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12
Q

weaknesses of breaking protection guidelines

A

people can be harmed, may not want to participate in future studies

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13
Q

strengths of breaking advice guidelines

A

if you are not competent to give the advice it can cause less harm

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14
Q

weaknesses of breaking advice guidelines

A

breach of protection sometimes

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15
Q

strengths of breaking debrief guidelines

A

not practical sometimes

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16
Q

weaknesses of breaking debrief guidelines

A

ps may become worried about their actions = protection issues

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17
Q

what is determinism

A

the belief that behaviour is governed by forces outside of our control and we do not have a choice in how we behave

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18
Q

strengths of determinism

A
  • interventions can be put into place to prevent behaviours
  • we can predict behaviours
  • more scientific as focus is on cause and effect
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19
Q

weaknesses of determinism?

A
  • reductionist
  • takes away an individual’s responsibility for their actions
  • can be socially sensitive to label a group and say they will behave in a certain way
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20
Q

what is free will?

A

we have a choice in how we behave, behaviour is self-determined

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21
Q

strengths of free will?

A
  • makes individuals responsible for their own behaviour
  • emphasises the value of subjectivity
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22
Q

weaknesses of free will?

A
  • doesn’t support difficult to control processes eg adrenaline rush
  • less scientific and harder to research
  • suggests no predictability or patterns to behaviour
  • hard to prove– if someone exercises free will then it may be that they are just responding to a command to do so, which would support determinism
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23
Q

how could Loftus and Palmer be considered deterministic?

A
  • ‘smashed’ and ‘contacted’ verbs prompted different speed estimates

therefore behaviour is determined by the verbs

24
Q

how could Grant be considered deterministic

A
  • context-dependent memory effects shown through MCQ scores, thus behaviours like memory are determined by environments
25
Q

how is Milgram deterministic?

A
  • 65% pts were obedient and administered full 450 volt shock

behaviour determined by situation + presence of authority figure

26
Q

how is Milgram free will based?

A

35% pts were defiant and refused to administer full 450V shock

resisted the situation and chose to be defiant

27
Q

how is Bocchiaro free will based?

A

14 people whistleblew and chose to fill in the form

28
Q

how is Bocchiaro deterministic?

A

76.5% people obeyed

behaviour determined by situation

faith determined likelihood to whistleblow

29
Q

what does the nature side of the debate believe?

A

that behaviour is innate and has biological causes eg hormones, genes and evolution

can be studied with studies from the biological area

30
Q

strength of the nature side of the debate?

A

useful applications: we can focus on treating biological causes of behaviour eg medication for anxiety

31
Q

what does the nurture side of the debate believe?

A

behaviour is a result of our upbringing and environmental factors eg punishment, reinforcement and influences such as stimuli in the environment

32
Q

weakness of the nature side of the debate?

A

is reductionist as it simplifies the cause of behaviour down to biological causes and ignores the influence of the environment

33
Q

strength of the nurture side of the debate?

A

useful applications

we can focus on supporting people when behaviour is the result of nurture eg a child is aggressive due to witnessing aggression

34
Q

weakness of the nurture side of the debate?

A

reductionist as it simplifies the cause of behaviour down to environmental causes, ignores the influence of biology

35
Q

what is a longitudinal study?

A

where a group of participants are followed over a period of time

36
Q

strength of longitudinal studies?

A

can show how behaviour develops so there are practical applications

37
Q

weaknesses of longitudinal studies?

A

high levels of participant attrition? withdrawal

more time consuming and expensive

38
Q

what are snapshot studies?

A

carried out over a short period of time eg hours or days

39
Q

strength of snapshot studies?

A

quicker and cheaper

40
Q

weakness of snapshot studies?

A

only show one period of time, can make the research dated and hard to generalise

cannot explain how behaviour develops

41
Q

what is reductionism?

A

the cause of behaviour is simplified into smaller individual parts

research can be reductionist if it:

  • only focuses on one explanation of behaviour
  • only has one IV/DV
  • only gathers quantitative data
42
Q

strengths of reductionism?

A

more scientific as you are focusing on one cause of behaviour therefore it’s easier to identify cause and effect

43
Q

weaknesses of reductionism?

A

lacks validity as it is too simplistic and ignores other causes of behaviour

44
Q

what is holism?

A

looks at behaviour as a whole including the multiple causes

research can be holistic if it:
- considers multiple explanations of behaviour
- has multiple IV/DVs
- gathers qualitative data, or both quantitative and qualitative data
- is longitudinal

45
Q

strengths of holism?

A

increases validity as all explanations for the cause of behaviour are explored

46
Q

weaknesses of holism?

A

less scientific as it is hard to determine which one variable is causing behaviour

47
Q

what are the factors that determine the usefulness of a study?

A
  • usefulness of findings, does it tell us something useful about behaviour?
  • usefulness of sample, can it be generalised to the real world?
  • does it have ecological validity?
  • is it reliable?
  • is it valid?
48
Q

what does socially sensitive research mean?

A

any research that could cause offense or upset to the ps or a group in society

49
Q

what can make research socially sensitive?

A

any research which looks at differences between groups based on:

culture
gender
age
race
social class
diagnosed disorders
beliefs

50
Q

advantages of conducting socially sensitive research?

A

it allows us to find out about differences between groups

progresses our understanding of human behaviour

could lead to ways to support or improve behaviour

can establish patterns of behaviour to prevent atrocities eg Milgram

51
Q

disadvantages of conducting socially sensitive research?

A

can lead to stereotyping and discrimination

difficult to replicate due to their sensitive nature

people may not want to participate in future research

could cause psychological harm

52
Q

what does the individual side of the debate believe?

A

behaviour is a result of an individual’s unique internal characteristics, eg personality, genes, age, gender etc

the focus is on causes of behaviour that come from within the individual and ignores external factors

53
Q

strength of assuming behaviour is dispositional?

A

provides explanations for unique behaviours

deterministic, allows for prediction of behaviour

useful applications, knowing the cause means interventions can be put in place

54
Q

weakness of assuming behaviour is dispositional?

A

reductionist, ignores the influence of situation

difficult to change behaviour if it is innate

personality can change depending on the situation

55
Q

what does the situational side of the debate believe?

A

behaviour is a result of environment, context and situation, eg upbringing, peer group, location

the focus is on causes of behaviour that come from the environment and ignores internal factors

56
Q

strength of assuming behaviour is situational?

A

provides explanations for group behaviours, can remove blame

deterministic, allows for prediction of behaviour

useful applications, knowing the cause means interventions can be put into place

57
Q

weakness of assuming behaviour is situational?

A

reductionist, ignores influence of individual factors

removes personal responsibility for behaviour

ocr psychology a-level (32 decks)

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