social area year 2

Question 1

who was kitty genovese?

Answer 1

Kitty drove home from her bar job at 3.15am in 1964. When she got out she was approached by Moseley who attacked and tabbed her. She screamed several times and her cries were heard by several witnesses. Moseley ran away and Kitty made her way back to her apartment seriously injured

35 people saw what happened.

she was then murdered by moseley when she got to the building

Question 2

what is the bystander effect?

Answer 2

the more bystanders present in an emergency situation, the less likely they will help

Question 3

what is the diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 3

an explanation for the bystander effect

when responsibility is shared between bystanders. people see themselves as being less personally responsible

Question 4

aim of piliavin?

Answer 4

to investigate how different situations and circumstances can impact helping behaviour

Question 5

participant details of piliavin?

Answer 5

4450 unsolicited ps who were on the carriage at the time

racial composition of the typical train was around 45% black and 55% white

mean number of 43 people on carriage

Question 6

IVs of Piliavin?

Answer 6

type of victim: drunk or ill

race of victim: black or white

presence of a model: early or late

number of witnesses: varied naturally

Question 7

research method and procedure of piliavin?

Answer 7

this is a field experiment and used an independent measures design

took place on the New York subway on the 8th Avenue line between 59th and 125th street. They chose this journey because it had a non-stop journey of 7.5 minutes which meant it had a captive audience

the study took place during weekdays between 11am and 3pm

it was conducted between april and june in 1968

Question 8

what were the teams in piliavin?

Answer 8

consisted of four students, 2 males and 2 females

there were 4 teams who always performed the same role in each trial and always worked in the same teams

the females were the observers

the males were either the victim or model

Question 9

what was the victim like in piliavin?

Answer 9

4 victims, one in each team

male

age 26-35

dressed identically - standardised

38 trials of a drunk victim, smelling of liquor and carrying a bottle in a paper bag

65 trials with an ill victim, who had difficulty walking and carried a cane

3 white victims and one black victim

Question 10

what was the model in piliavin like?

Answer 10

models were aged between 24-29

they dressed informally yet not identically

model either stood in critical or adjacent area, and either helped early (after 70 seconds) or late (after 150 seconds)

Question 11

what were the observers like in piliavin?

Answer 11

the females took seats outside of the critical area and recorded the data as secretively as possible

Question 12

where did the victim always stand in piliavin?

Answer 12

next to a pole in the centre of the critical area

Question 13

what was the emergency situation in Piliavin?

Answer 13

after 70 seconds, the victim staggered forward and collapsed. he lay on the floor looking at the ceiling

Question 14

what were the DVs in Piliavin?

Answer 14

time taken for the first passenger to offer help

the total number of passengers who helped

the gender, race and location of every helper

time taken for the first passenger to offer help after the model had assisted

also noted was the behaviours of any passengers out of the critical area; the gender, race and location of every passenger in the critical area; and spontaneous comments made by passengers

Question 15

what were the findings from the main IV in piliavin? (drunk vs cane)

Answer 15

the cane victim received spontaneous help 95% of the time

the drunk victim received spontaneous help 50% of the time

Question 16

what were the findings of piliavin regarding the race of the victim?

Answer 16

with white and black cane victims, the proportion of help offered represented the 55% - 45% split of white to black passengers in the carriage

in the drunk condition, a tendency towards same-race helping was evident

Question 17

what were the findings of piliavin regarding the effect of the model?

Answer 17

couldn’t really see effects of model as too many people helped spontaneously

found that location of model didn’t really have an impact, but early model triggered more helping

Question 18

findings of piliavin regarding the number of bystanders on the train during each trial?

Answer 18

victims helped much faster when 7+ male passengers in critical area than when there were only 1-3 male passengers in critical area

not really any diffusion of responsibility found

Question 19

findings of piliavin regarding gender of first helpers?

Answer 19

90% of first helpers were male

Question 20

findings of piliavin regarding the qualitative data of comments from the passengers?

Answer 20

more comments during drunk trials

women said things like ‘It’s for men to help him’ and ‘I wish I could help him– I’m not strong enough.’

Question 21

overall conclusions of piliavin?

Answer 21

if someone is ill they are more likely to receive help than someone who is drunk

men are more likely to help than women

tendency for same race helping especially if drunk

Question 22

how is piliavin ethnocentric?

Answer 22

may not generalise to cultures other than the USA

only black and white groups, no other ethnic groups

Question 23

how is piliavin holistic?

Answer 23

multiple IVs and DVs

gathered both qualitative and quantitative data

Question 24

how is piliavin reductionist?

Answer 24

didn’t consider gender of victim

didn’t consider age

didn’t consider other ethnic groups

Question 25

aims of Levine?

Answer 25

to see if the tendency to help people within a city was stable across 3 different situations

to see if helping strangers varies across cultures

to identify characteristics of the communities in which strangers are more or less likely to be helped

Question 26

sample of levine?

Answer 26

ps in this study were individuals in each of the cities at the time of the experiment

large cities in each of 23 countries - in most cases the largest in each country eg Stockholm, Prague

for the dropped pen and hurt leg situations only individuals walking alone were selected

anyone who was a child or physically disabled was not approached

Question 27

confederates in levine?

Answer 27

they conducted this study by getting someone - usually a student going home for the summer - to collect the data for them

these people were confederates working for the researcher

they were all college age, dressed neatly and casually, and all men (controls)

told not to use any verbal communication when staging the event

were given instructions and were trained and briefed etc

Question 28

basic procedure of levine?

Answer 28

in 23 cities around the world, confederates would stage three non-emergency situations during main business, on clear days during the summer months

researchers analysed the frequency of helping behaviour across the 3 measures.

it was looked at whether the gender of the bystanders affected helping behaviour in the hurt leg and dropped pen conditions only

researchers also analysed helping behaviour in 4 Latin American countries and Spain with simpatia, and compared this to helping behaviour in the remaining 18 countries

finally, the researchers also conducted correlations on ‘community variables’ such as whether the wealth of the country affected how helpful people were

Question 29

what was the dropped pen condition in levine?

Answer 29

one of the situations involved walking at a moderate pace towards a solitary pedestrian passing in the opposite direction.

when approx 10-15 feet away, the confederate would reach into his pocket and accidentally drop his pen. Participants were recorded as having helped if they called back to the confederate or picked up the pen for him

Question 30

what was the hurt leg condition in levine?

Answer 30

the second situation involved the confederate walking with a heavy limp and wearing a leg brace

confederates would drop a pile of magazines as they came within 20 feet of a passing pedestrian

helping was defined as the pedestrian offering to help pick up the magazines or beginning to help without offering

Question 31

what was the blind man condition in levine?

Answer 31

the third helping measure involved the confederates wearing dark glasses and carrying a white cane. They would go to a pedestrian crossing and just before the light turned green would step up to the corner, hold out their cane and wait until someone offered help

participants were recorded as having helped if they at a minimum informed the confederate the light was green

Question 32

results of levine goal 1? (is there a difference in helping behaviour when a stranger drops a pen, has a hurt leg or is blind?)

Answer 32

results suggest a modest level of consistency across the three helping measures ie if you help with the pen theyre more likely to help with hurt leg or blind person

Question 33

results of levine goal 2? (dies helping strangers vary across cultures?)

Answer 33

the most helpful country was Brazil, 93% helped

the least helpful country was Malaysia, 40% helped

Question 34

was there a relationship between helping behaviour and population size of the city?

Answer 34

no significant relationship

Question 35

was there a relationship between helping behaviour and wealth of the country?

Answer 35

significant relationship between helping and PPP was found

Question 36

was there a relationship between helping behaviour and individualistic-collectivist rating?

Answer 36

no significant relationship

Question 37

was there a relationship between pace of life (how fast 35 men and women walked in the 23 countries) and helping behaviour?

Answer 37

no significant relationship

Question 38

what were the community variables explored in Levine?

Answer 38

population size

economic wellbeing in purchasing power parity aka PPP

cultural values (individualism-collectivism, simpatia)

walking speed / pace of life