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ENT > rhinorrhea > Flashcards

rhinorrhea Flashcards

1
Q

what is rhinorrhea ?

A

nasal discharge

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2
Q

what are the types of nasal discharge ?

A

mucoid
mucopurulent
bloody
watery
crusts
fluids and food

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3
Q

what are the causes of mucoid nasal discharge ?

A

usually secondary to nasal obstruction

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4
Q

what are the causes of mucopurulent discharge ?

A

due to secondary infection on top of stagnant mucus

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5
Q

what are the causes of bloody discharge ?

A

same causes as epistaxis

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6
Q

what are the possible causes of unilateral watery discharge ?

A

CSF rhinorrhea

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7
Q

what is the presentation of CSF rhinorrhea ?

A

increases by straining and leaning forward
salty taste

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8
Q

what are the possible causes of bilateral watery discharge ?

A

allergic rhinitis
1st stage of acute rhinitis
accompanied with excessive lacrimation

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9
Q

what are the causes of CSF rhinorrhea ?

A

congenital defect of the skull base ( with or without meningocele)
accidental head trauma
idiopathic : increased intracranial pressure

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10
Q

what is the treatment for CSF rhinorrhea ?

A

endoscopic multilayered repair

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11
Q

what are the causes of unilateral crusts ?

A

unilateral atrophic rhinitis ( ee.g total turbineectomy)

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12
Q

what are the causes of bilateral crusts ?

A

atrophic rhinitis
nasal granuloma
nasal vestibulitis

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13
Q

what is the other name for bilateral atrophic rhinitis ?

A

empty nose syndrome

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14
Q

what is the presentation of bilateral atrophic rhinitis ?

A

sensation of nasal obstruction even though on examination seems to be a roomy nose
large dark green foul crusts and a bad odour perceived by partner

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15
Q

what is the most common causative organisms in nasal vestibulitis ?

A

staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

what is the difference between furunculosis and nasal vestibulitis ?

A

furunculosis is more of a localized inflammation
whereas nasal vestibulitis is a more general form of inflammation

17
Q

what are the causes of unilateral fluid or food regurgitation through the nose ?

A

oroantral fistula

18
Q

what is an oroantral fistula ?

A

an abnormal connection between the maxillary sinus antrum and the oral cavity

19
Q

what are the causes of oroantral fistula ?

A

dental extraction of upper 2nd premolar or 1st molar tooth

20
Q

what does the CT scan show in cases of oroantral fistula ?

A

unilateral maxillary sinus opacification

21
Q

what are the causes of bilateral regurgitation of food and fluids through the nose ?

A

cleft palate
soft palate paralysis
perforated hard palate

22
Q

what cases present with soft palate paralysis ?

A

bulbar palsy

23
Q

what cases present with perforated hard palate ?

A

syphilis

24
Q

what is the firstt most probable diagnosis in a case of unilateral offensive discharge in a child ?

A

foreign body

25
Q

what do atrophic rhinitis and nasal granulomas eventually result in ?

A

nasal crustations

ENT (30 decks)

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