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CP Test 1 > B4-098 Cardiovascular Hemodynamics > Flashcards

B4-098 Cardiovascular Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

the heart provides a constant

A

pressure head

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2
Q

the goal of the cardiovascuar system is to maintain

A

mean arterial pressure

allows for perfusion

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3
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of two pumps arranged in

A

series

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4
Q

the systemic organs are arranged in

A

parallel circuits

allos same blood composition to each organ with independent flow

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5
Q

the systemic organs are arranged in

A

parallel circuits

allos same blood composition to each organ with independent flow

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6
Q
  • high pressure
  • left heart to organ systems
A

systemic circulation

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7
Q
  • low pressure
  • includes capillaries to right side of heart
A

pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

the pressure gradient amoung all organ systems

A

remains the same

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9
Q

differences in blood flow between organs are due to

A

differences in vascular resistance of each organ

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10
Q

portal special circulatory systems

3

A
  • hepatic portal system
  • renal portal system
  • hypothalmic-pituitary portal system
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11
Q

main factors of hemodynamics

6

A
  • blood flow
  • resistance
  • viscosity
  • blood velocity
  • blood pressure
  • compliance
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12
Q

driven by a difference in pressure and opposed by the resistance of the vessels

A

blood flow

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13
Q

displacement of fluid per unit time

A

blood flow

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14
Q

amount of blood delivered by the heart into circulation

A

cardiac output

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15
Q

cardiac output during a single heartbeat

A

stroke volume

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16
Q

CO=

A

SV * HR

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17
Q

at rest, cardiac output for an individual is about

A

5 L/min

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18
Q

cardiac output can be increased by

A

increasing stroke volume or heart rate

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19
Q

factors that increase stroke volume

A
  • preload: filling of the ventricle
  • inotropic state: force of contraction
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20
Q

factors that decrease stroke volume

A

afterload: resistance to ejection of blood

blockage

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21
Q

factors that alter heart rate

A
  • heart’s pacemaker activity
  • extrinsic factors
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22
Q

measures the sound reflected by RBCs in movement

A

ultrasound

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23
Q

measures the change in electromagnetic force exerted by the moving blood in an electrial field

A

electromagnetic

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24
Q

involves the use of radioactive microspheres, injected on a vessel and collected downstream

A

reference sample method

measures regional blood flow

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25
Q

Implications of Poiseulle’s Law

Flow is […] proportional to the pressure difference between 2 points

A

directly

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26
Q

Implications of Poiseulle’s Law

Flow is […] proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

A

inversely

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27
Q

Implications of Poiseulle’s Law

Flow is […] proportional to the viscosity of blood

A

inversely

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28
Q

Implications of Poiseulle’s Law

Flow is […] proportional to the length of the vessel

A

inversely

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29
Q

if a vessel radius decreases by a factor of 2, resistance increases by a factor of

A

16

to the fourth power

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30
Q

inversely proportional to vessel radius to the fourth power

A

resistance

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31
Q

changes in the radius of arterioles are the major influences on

A

TPR

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32
Q

blood viscosity is determined by

A

hematocrit

erythrocyte concentration

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33
Q

two factors that affect resistance

A
  • vascular radius
  • blood viscosity
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34
Q
  • site of greatest vascular resistance
  • major component of TPR
A

arterioles

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35
Q

arteriolar dilation or constriction will affect the

A

TPR

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36
Q

expresses degress of slipperiness between layers

A

viscosity

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37
Q

organized in concentric layers of fluid moving down the length of a vessel

A

laminar flow

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38
Q

when flow become disorganized it is called

A

turbulent flow

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39
Q

factors that determine if flow is laminar:

A
  • blood velocity
  • blood viscosity
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40
Q

critical velocity

A

when flow changes from laminar to turbulent

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41
Q
  • measure of velocity and viscosity
  • increases when blood reaches critical velocity
A

reynolds number

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42
Q

in anemia, viscosity is

A

decreased

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43
Q

in polycythemia vera, viscosity is

A

increased

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44
Q

turbulent flow in the heart creates

A

murmurs

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45
Q

turbulent flow in the vessels creates

A

bruits

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46
Q

intense turbulence may be detected as mechanical vibrations

A

thrills

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47
Q

refers to the rate of displacement of blood within vessels with respect to time

A

blood velocity

48
Q

inversely related to the cross sectional area of all vessels of a particular segment of the CV system

A

blood velocity

49
Q

have lowest velocity to facillitate solute exchange

A

capillaries

50
Q

3 components of blood pressure

A
  1. driving pressure
  2. transmural pressure
  3. hydrostatic pressure
51
Q
  • difference in pressure between two point along the circulatory system
  • generated by the pumping action of the heart
  • allows blood to flow
A

driving pressure

52
Q
  • change in pressure inside and outside a vessel along radial axis
  • influences vessel diameter and vascular resistance
A

transmural pressure

53
Q
  • the change in pressure that exists between two points of a different height
  • depends on gravity
A

hydrostatic pressure

54
Q

standing causes […] in the legs, and […] venous return to the heart

A

pooling
decreases

55
Q

standing reduces

A

SV and CO

56
Q

vessel with highest pressure

A

aorta

57
Q

vessel with lowest pressure

A

cava vein
atria

58
Q

increases blood flow and pressure downstream

A

arteriolar dilation

59
Q

decreases blood flow and pressure downstream

A

arteriolar constriction

60
Q

highest and results from blood ejected when the heart contracts

A

systolic pressure

61
Q

lowest and occurs when heart relaxes and blood returns to heart via veins

A

diastolic pressure

62
Q
  • difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
  • depends on SV and arterial compliance
A

pulse pressure

63
Q

average arterial pressure over time

A

MAP

64
Q

very low because compliance allows it to hold large volumes of blood

A

venous pressure

65
Q

pulsatile during cardiac cycle and dependent on systolic pressure

A

arterial pressure

66
Q

MAP in large systemic arteries

A

95 mmHg

67
Q

MAP=

A

CO x TPR

(HR x SV) x TPR

68
Q

arterial pressure rises when

A

inflow is greater than outflow

systole

69
Q

arterial pressure falls when

A

inflow is less than outflow

diastole

70
Q
  • determines how quickly blood volume in the arterial system increases
  • influences peak systolic pressure
A

ejection rate

71
Q

rise in arterial pressure during ejection is directly proportional to the volume of blood added by the heart to the arterial system

A

stroke volume

72
Q

determinants of arterial systolic pressure

3

A
  • ejection rate
  • stroke volume
  • arterial compliance
73
Q

vessels with higher compliance maintain

A

reduced blood pressure

74
Q

determinants of arterial diastolic pressure

A
  • rate of runoff
  • runoff time
75
Q

how fast blood flows from the arterial system to the venous system

A

rate of runoff

76
Q

runoff occuring during diastole

ventricular filling

A

runoff time

77
Q

major determinant of runoff time is

A

heart rate

length of diastole decreases as heart rate increases

78
Q

ways to measure blood pressure

A
  1. directly with a catheter
  2. indirectly with sphygomanometer
79
Q

distensibility of blood vessels

A

compliance

80
Q

high compliance

A

veins

81
Q

low compliance

A

arteries

82
Q

[…] results in decreased arterial compliance, which leads to increased arterial systolic pressure

A

aging

83
Q

causes reduced arterial compliance, leading to increased blood pressure due to hardening of arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

84
Q

starling’s law

A

venous return to the right heart will decrease with standing, so:
* reduce end diastolic volume
* decrease stroke volume
* reduce cardiac output

85
Q
  • results in increased pressure within peripheral veins without a change in resistance
  • increases venous return to the heart
A

venoconstriction

86
Q

[…] increase in blood volume within the arteries will increase arterial pressure significantly

A

small

low compliance

87
Q

[…] increase in blood volume within the arteries will increase arterial pressure significantly

A

small

low compliance

88
Q

[…] increases in venous blood produce a small increase in venous pressure

A

large

high compliance

89
Q

[…] increases in venous blood produce a small increase in venous pressure

A

large

high compliance

90
Q

the majority of blood is within

A

the systemic veins (60%)

91
Q

main regions that can contribute to blood redistribution following blood loss

A

veins and venules

92
Q

factors that contribute to venous return

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • venous valves
93
Q

contraction of skeletal muscles compresses veins in the legs, forcing blood toward heart

A

skeletal muscle pump

94
Q

when skeletal muscles relax […] prevents the backward flow of blood

A

venous valves

95
Q

effect of inspiration on right ventricle

A
  • increased intrathoracic volume
  • decreased intrathoracic pressure
  • decreased right atrial pressure
  • increased pressure gradient between peripheral veins and right atrium
  • increased blood flow to right atrium
  • increased EDV of right ventricle
  • increasd stroke volume
96
Q

effect of inspiration on left ventricle

A
  • increased intrathoracic volume
  • decreased intrathoracic pressure
  • distension of pulmonary veins
  • decreased pressure in pumonary veins
  • pooling of blood in pulmonary veins
  • decreased blood flow to left atrium
  • decreased EDV of left ventricle
  • decreased stroke volume
97
Q

expiration decreases

A
  • filling of right ventricle
  • right ventricular stroke volume
98
Q

expiration increases

A

filling of left heart
left ventricular stroke volume

99
Q

inspiration [….] pressure in the pulmonary veins

A

reduces

100
Q

decreases venous return to the left heart

A

inspiration

101
Q

increases venous return to the left heart

A

expiration

102
Q

increases right ventricular preload

A

inspiration

103
Q

increases venous return to the right heart

A

inspiration

104
Q

decreases venous return to the right heart

A

expiration

105
Q

decreases SV from right ventricle

A

expiration

106
Q

decreases pulse pressure in pulmonary arteries

A

expiration

107
Q

why is blood flow slowest through the capillaries?

A

the cross sectional area of all capillaries is greater than other vessels

108
Q

flow divided by a cross sectional area =

A

velocity

109
Q

have the highest total cross sectional area and lowest flow velocity

A

capillaries

110
Q

pulse pressure is […] proportional to SV and […] proportional to arterial compliance

A

directly; inversely

111
Q

index of ventricular contractility

A

ejection fraction

112
Q

SV/EDV=

A

ejection fraction

113
Q

EDV-ESV=

A

stroke volume

114
Q

systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure =

A

pulse pressure

115
Q

CO * TPR =

A

MAP

CP Test 1 (16 decks)

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