stones

Question 1

stages

Answer 1

nucleation
aggregation
crystal growth
manifestation

Question 2

different medical names

Answer 2

urolithiasis- general term
nephroliathiasis - kidney
urterolithiasis
cystolithiasis

Question 3

staghorn

Answer 3

takes up the shape of the renal calyces and pelvis

Question 4

struvite stones

Answer 4

infectious stones caused by bacteris KEB favour an alkaline environment

Question 5

x ray negative stones

Answer 5

uric acid and xanthine stones

Question 6

classifcation

Answer 6

simple
<5
5-10
10-20

complex
>20
and if you have any congenital anomaly

unilateral /bilaeral
inflammatory /obstructive

Question 7

what ph indicates infectious stones

Answer 7

> 8.5 is suggestive

Question 8

activators and inhibitors

Answer 8

activators is sulfonamides (one of there side effects )

inhibitors
magneisum
citrate

Question 9

rf

Answer 9

BPH - especially bladder stones
lack of drinking water
congenital abnormality like horseshoe kidney , ureterocele

medullary sponge disease

Question 10

extrinsic and intrisic factors

Answer 10

intrinsic
- congentilsa
- dehrdation
- gout

extrinsic
- climate
- career (hot places)
- mineral content of water

Question 11

renal colic

Answer 11

wors pain ever , typically colic but can be constant

radiates to groin, labia majora , tesiticles

pstive succosio renalis

dysuria, hematuria , oligouria

Question 12

secondary effects

Answer 12

migration
ulceration
malignancy
hydronephrosis due to obstruction
UTI - urosepsis
obstruction of the calcyces (hyrocalcinosis)

Question 13

investigations

Answer 13

history
image - x ray , ct (gold standard) was previously IVU
ULTRASOUND- but can miss stones

ureteroscope - both diagnostic and therapeutic

Question 14

dx

Answer 14

appendicitis if on RHS
cholecystitis
ectopic pregnancy
cystitis - especially if in lower ureter

Question 15

bladder stones

Answer 15

usually asymptomatic
usually passed
associated with stasis of urine like in bPH

Question 16

WHERE IS THE MSOT COMMON SITE OF OBSTRUCTION

Answer 16

THE NARROWEST PART WHICH IS THE VESICOURETERIC JUNCTION

Question 17

WHAT makes having stones more urgent

Answer 17

a congenital anomly

only having one kidey

big size

bilateral obstruction

Question 18

tx

Answer 18

if small can just give fluids

spasomlytics to add expuslion

pain releief - NOT OPIODS

ecswl-

ureteroscope - has theureupitcs effects can break up the stone

intracroprpreal

percutaneous nephrolithotomy- incision in flank region

Question 19

indications for ECSWL

Answer 19

stones are x ray +

> 2cm

Question 20

intracorporeal

Answer 20

uretroscope- felxible and rigid

Question 21

open surgery techniques

Answer 21

nephrolithotomy
ureterolithotmy
cystolithotomy
pyelolithotomy -pelvis

Question 22

litholipaxy

Answer 22

The removal of a vesical calculus by first crushing it and subsequently washing out the fragments.

bladder stone(s) using telescopic fragmentation devices or a laser passed through your urethra (waterpipe). Once the stone has been broken up, the small fragments produced can be removed using suction.

Question 23

vivilite ( double check)

Answer 23

ca monohydrate

Question 24

videliti ( double check )

Answer 24

ca dihydrate

Question 25

appetite (double check )

Answer 25

ca oxalate

Question 26

nephrocalcinosis

Answer 26

stones in the renal parenchyma

Question 27

why do we put in a stent with kidney stones

Answer 27

1. helps reduce the pain of renal colic
2. allows for drainage
3. after surgery to allow healing process to occur as edema is a side effect

Question 28

apart from stones what can block the ureters

Answer 28

tumours
BLOOD CLOTS
STRICUTRES/STENOSIS
post op sweeling
infection-nb

Question 29

cysteine stones points

prevention

Answer 29

suffer from condition callled cysteinuria

drink more water

eat foods to make urine more BASSI=(stones form in more acidic urine) so avoid meats which make urine more acidic

reduce salt intake

ca n take certain meds that work in different ways,

Question 30

name for struvite

Answer 30

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 31

different geentic conditions and how they relate to stones

Answer 31

xathinuria - runs in families

cysteinuria- runs in families

Question 32

xantheniuria facts

Answer 32

genetics, high levels of xanthine but conversely low levels of uric acid

Question 33

drug induced stones

Answer 33

sulfoanmides

ceftriazone

hIV drugs

Question 34

poor radiopaque

Answer 34

STRUVITE

Question 35

risk factors

Answer 35

diet- meat, salt
hyperparathyrodiism
chrones
FH
Inheritied codnitons

Question 35

risk factors

Answer 35

diet- meat, salt
hyperparathyrodiism
chrones
FH
Inheritied codnitons

Question 36

Anatomical abnormalities leading to stone formation:

Answer 36

pelvic ureteric junction obstruction —> PUJ obs - stenosis as a congenital anomaly
* Horseshoe kidney
* Ureterocele
*** know detailed d

Question 37

why is prgenancy a risk factor

Answer 37

stasis of urine

mechanical compression of ureters but also because hormonal changes like progesterone which relaxes peristalsis

Question 37

why is prgenancy a risk factor

Answer 37

stasis of urine

mechanical compression of ureters but also because hormonal changes like progesterone which relaxes peristalsis

Question 38

classification of stasis

Answer 38

mechanical - obstruction like ureteropelvis , stone

dynamic - pregnancy

Question 39

1st line for big stones

Answer 39

percutanoeous nephrolithotomy >1.5 cm

Question 40

calculus anuria

Answer 40

bascilaly when you have a complete obstruction in either 1 kindey(other one is non functional) or both kidneay so not only is there stasis but now kidneys are not making the urine?

Question 41

stasis vs retention

Answer 41

upper/lower urinary tract

Question 42

classifctaion of renal colic

Answer 42

uncomplicated

complicated
- prolonged course
- YOU HAVE FEVER NOW
-ANURIA