congenital abnormalities

Question 1

ren duplex

Answer 1

2 ureters from 1 kindey

it can be in 1 or both kidneys

there is some confusion as it can either be duplicated ureter or a dounle kidney tye thing

in the case of 2 ureters they can have their independant sites or they can drain into 1 as they converge together

Question 2

horseshoe kidney

Answer 2

more common in men
-superior or inferior poles joined
- usually asymptomatic
- ureters are usually calm

Question 3

discoid kidney

Answer 3

both top and bottom poles are fused
ureters usually normal

Question 4

renal ectopia examples

Answer 4

kidneys are not in the right position (like the tetsicles kindey failt to migrate properly)
uusally asymptomaic

intrathoaci
pelvice

most ectopic kindeys like within the pelvis and are MALROTATED

Question 5

crossed renal fused ectopia

Answer 5

kidneys fuse becoming one and then appear on the same side of the midline - 2nd most common

Question 6

crossed renal ectopia

Answer 6

kidneys aint fused but still on the same side

Question 7

examples of congenital KINDEY DISEASES

Answer 7

horseshoe kidney
l shaped kidney
lump kidney
S shaped kindey
dicsoid kindey
medullary spinge kidney

Question 8

nephroptosis

Answer 8

the kidney descends more than 2 vertebral bodies (5cm)

so its position is not fixed

usually fine but if severe enough may need a nephropexy to fix the kindey to actual place

its more common in women particularly thin women

Question 9

what anomalies with size

Answer 9

hypoplasia (smaller )
if congenital then its usually bilateral

hypertension is common

hypertrophy
- usually seen when one kidney is absent and the other is compensating

Question 10

anomalies in structure

Answer 10

cysts - not part of the pelvicalyceal system

Question 11

treatment of cysts

Answer 11

sclerotherapy - insert an alcohol based solution and cysts harden and shrink - done percutaneously using guidance

surgery - partial nephrectomy, if you see malignant potential

Question 12

complications of cyst

Answer 12

hypertension
infection of cyst
compress structures like ureters
obstruction

Question 13

extrarenal involvement

Answer 13

liver
pancreas
seminal vesicles
pineal glands

Question 14

medullary sponge kidney

Answer 14

cystic dilation of the collecting tubules
huge risk for UTI + STONES

• painless hematuria
  -renal colic symptomati

Question 15

WHEN YOU HEAR PAINESS HEMATURIA WHAT SHOULD COME TO MIND

Answer 15

RCC
BLADDER CANCER

Question 16

what can a duplicated kidney be associated with

Answer 16

1) VUR
2) Ureterocele
3)
ectopic ureter

Question 17

ectopic ureter

Answer 17

In boys the ectopic ureter usually drains into the urethra closer to the prostate. In girls the ectopic ureter usually drains into the reproductive organs or urethra.

Ectopic ureters are commonly associated with a duplex kidney, where one kidney has two separate ureters; one of the ureters drains normally into the bladder, but the second is ectopic.

Question 18

congential diseases of bladder

Answer 18

Agenesis of the urinary bladder
- Hypoplasia of urinary bladder: Urinary bladder with small size and not normal function.
- Duplication of the urinary bladder: Either the whole length or part of the length.
- Exstrophy of the urinary bladder: In most case connected with full absence of the lower
part of the abdominal wall.
- Diverticulosis of the urinary bladder

Question 19

classification of congenital anomalies

Answer 19

of the kidneys can be unilateral or bilateral or complicated and uncomplicated

of the ureteres : obstructive or non obstructive

Question 20

renal agenesis vs renal aplasia

Answer 20

Renal agenesis is a complete absence of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys, whereas in renal aplasia the kidney has failed to develop beyond its most primitive form.

Question 21

list congential abnomrmalites of kindey

Answer 21

Agenesis of the kidneys- Multiple kidneys- Aplasia of the kidney & hypoplasia of the kidney.- Solitary cyst of the kidney.- Polycystic kidneys: Most common reason for chronic renal failure.- Congenital anomaly in position: Dystrophy of the kidney
: Malrotation of the kidney
: Nephroptosis of the kidney
- Different types of kidney shape: Horse-shoe kidney & L-shaped kidney
- According to pelvis: Duplication of pelvis (Ren duplex).
- According to the ureter: Duplication of the ureters (Ureter duplex).

Question 22

kidney malrotation explain more

Answer 22

During fetal development, kidney migration from a sacral to a lumbar position, as well as a medialization of the hilum position, occur. Abnormalities in this process cause kidney malrotation. The unusual orientation of the hilum may favor intrinsic pyelo-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction

due to it being congenital it can increase stoness and obstruction so hydronephrosis

Question 23

congentital ureteral problems

Answer 23

stenosis

duplex ureter

ageneis

megaureter - big and does not fucntion normally . Whereas a normal ureter is about 3-5 mm, the size of a megaureter is usually greater than 7 mm in diameter.which is normally a muscular layer of tissue — is replaced by stiff, fibrous tissue. Without the muscular layer of tissue, normal peristalsis (a worm-like movement of the ureter that propels urine toward the bladder) cannot occur.

Question 24

causes of megaureter

Answer 24

congenital

acquired : anything leading to obstruction so VUR, or narrow vesico-ureteric junction or ureterocele

Question 25

is horeshoe kidney dangerous

Answer 25

1/3rd people have no problems, dont even know

but some are associated with stones and uTI’S due to problems with drainage

Question 26

bifid penis

Answer 26

2 genital tubercles and each one guves rise to a penis

Question 26

bifid penis

Answer 26

2 genital tubercles and each one guves rise to a penis