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psychology alevel ! > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

1
Q

what is an attachment

A

a close two way emotional bond between individuals in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security

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2
Q

reciprocity

A

this develops by about three months

the interaction is reciprocal, when each person responds to the other’s signals and responds to them

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3
Q

interactional synchrony

A

the infant and the mother mirror the actions and emotions of each other in a synchronised way

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4
Q

evaluation of caregiver-infant interactions - observations

A

when observing infant interactions - difficult to know what is merely hand movement and what is direct interaction

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5
Q

evaluation of caregiver-infant interactions - importance

A

feldman - synchrony and reciprocity simply describes behaviours but not developmental purpose of them

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6
Q

evaluation of caregiver-infant interactions - validity

A

observations are well controlled and filmed from multiple angles - enables inter-rater reliability as more than one observer can watch

babies also dont alter behaviour

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7
Q

schaffer and emerson

A

studied 60 glasglow babies from working class backgrounds - every months for a year then again at 18 months

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8
Q

stages of attachment

A

asocial

indiscriminate

specific

multiple

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9
Q

asocial

A

no stranger or separation anxiety

human = object

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10
Q

indiscriminate

A

human better than object but no stranger or separation anxiety

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11
Q

specific attachment

A

stranger and separation anxiety about one person

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12
Q

multiple attachments

A

secondary attachments with people it sees on regular basis

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13
Q

evaluation of stages of attachment - earlier attachment

A

carpenter - two week old infants looked at faces for longer when accompanied with mother’s voice

infants attached to mothers at earlier age than schaffer and emerson suggested

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14
Q

evaluation of stages of attachment - culture

A

van ijzendoorn - culture plays a part in how and when we form attachments and with whome

non-western societies - babies have multiple carers - norm so multiple attachments are formed

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15
Q

evaluation of stages of attachment - asocial stage

A

young babies have poor coordination - pretty much immobile in first few weeks

difficult to make any judgements about the purpose of behaviour

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16
Q

role of father - multiple attachments

A

schaffer and emerson found that 75% of babies have attached to father by 18 months

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17
Q

role of father - playrole

A

grossman et al - quality of father’s play with babies linked to quality of attachment in adolescence - play instead of emotional role

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18
Q

role of father - primary caregiver

A

field - primary caregiving fathers spent more time interacting, imitating and holding infants

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19
Q

evaluation of role of father - inconsistent research

A

some researchers examine fathers as a primary figure and some as secondary - we cannot simply answer what is the role

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20
Q

evaluation of role of father - real-world application

A

parents can be reassured that fathers can be effective primary caregivers if mother wants to work

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21
Q

evaluation of role of father - father’s role not important

A

MacCullum and Golombok - children in single/same sex parent families do not develop any differently

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22
Q

lorenz aim

A

to investigate how attachments form in geese

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23
Q

lorenz procedure

A

took a large clutch of goose eggs
placed half of the eggs with a goose mother, other half were put in an incubator where the first moving object they would see would be lorenz

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24
Q

lorenz findings

A

goslings imprinted onto lorenz and didnt recognise their actual mother

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25
Q

lorenz conclusion

A

imprinting has a critical period during when it can occur - cannot be reversed

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26
Q

harlow aim

A

investigate whether food or comfort was more important in forming a bond in monkeys

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27
Q

harlow procedure

A

16 baby monkeys
first condition - wire mother milk
second condition - cloth mother milk

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28
Q

harlow findings

A

monkeys preferred to cuddle the cloth-covered mother to the wire one - when they frightened the monkeys they ran to cloth mother even when didn’t dispense milk

monkeys showed dysfunctional behaviours - aggressive and killed offspring

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29
Q

harlow conclusion

A

attachment is more concerned with warmth and emotional security than food

early deprivation of real comforting mother leads to irreversible damage

30
Q

evaluation of animal studies - real world application

A

harlow’s research has good practical application to society - social work - understand how important it is for a baby to be placed with adoptive families as early as possible

31
Q

evaluation of animal studies - generalisability

A

difficult to generalise findings from animals to human beings

attachment in humans may be different to the attachments animals form as babies are more defenceless

32
Q

evaluation of animal studies - critical or sensitive

A

slucking - research with ducklings - imprinted but kept one duckling in isolation for 5 days - still able to imprint

rather than critical people - sensitive period when imprinting was best to occur

33
Q

classical conditioning

A

baby forms association between mother (NS) and pleasure from food (UCR) so mother becomes CS as she elicits a feeling of pleasure on her own

34
Q

operant conditioning

A

crying causes the caregiver to feed baby so crying is reinforced

caregiver is negatively reinforced as baby stops crying

35
Q

secondary drive

A

hunger is primary drive as it is innate

primary drive is generalised to the mother as she provides food and so attachment is secondary drive

36
Q

evaluation of learning theory of attachment - animal research

A

both harlow and lorenz suggest food is not the most important factor in forming attachment

37
Q

evaluation of learning theory of attachment - evolutionary theory

A

bowlby stated that we have an innate drive to attach regardless of food

38
Q

evaluation of learning theory of attachment - schaffer and emerson

A

39% of babies attached to the person who did not feed them but who interacted with them

39
Q

bowlby’s evoluationary theory

A

monotropy - one caregiver
attachment is innate - increases survival
good quality care from social releasers - crying
internal working model - templaye
critical period

40
Q

evaluation of evolutionary theory - love quiz

A

hazan and shaver - love experience and attitudes towards love (IWM) were related to attachment type

41
Q

evaluation of evolutionary theory of attachment - temperament hypothesis

A

kagan - some children are innately more likely to seek attachments and form close relationships

bowlby did not take individual differences into account

42
Q

evaluation of learning theory of attachment - hodges and tizard

A

close relationships and attachments could be formed later in life and early deprivation could be reversed

43
Q

ainsworth aim

A

observe 106 infants aged 9-18 months and assess them for quality of attachment

44
Q

ainsworth procedure

A

explored behaviours - exploration behaviour, proximity seeking, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and reunion behaviour

45
Q

ainsworth findings

A

70% secure
15% insecure resistance
15% insecure avoidant

46
Q

ainsworth conclusion

A

mother acts towards child impacts their behaviour

maternal sensitivity hypothesis

47
Q

insecure-avoidance

A

willing to explore
indifferent to mother’s departure
did not seek comfort
little stranger anxiety

48
Q

secure

A

mother as safe base
good reunion behaviour
moderate stranger anxiety
moderate separation anxiety

49
Q

insecure-resistant

A

explored less
high separation anxiety
poor reunion behaviour
resisted
high stranger anxiety

50
Q

evaluation of ainsworth - type D

A

solomon and main - simply putting infants into 3 categories is reduction and they found 4th type

51
Q

evaluation of ainsworth - ethnocentric

A

cross cultural research suggests that the strange situation uses western values to judge - imposed etic

52
Q

evaluation of ainsworth - validity

A

lab setting so unfamiliar - mothers may have behaved differently

53
Q

van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg aim

A

investigate how attachment types vary across cultures

54
Q

van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg procedure

A

completed meta-analysis on 32 studies using ainsworth’s strange situation

55
Q

van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg findings

A

secure attachment most common
germany - avoidant
japan - resistant

56
Q

van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg conclusion

A

caregiver and infant interactions were similar around the world with some intra-cultural variation - mass media

57
Q

evaluation of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg - korea

A

jin et al - most infants had secure and others were resistant - similar to japan as similar parenting styles

58
Q

evaluation of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg - different sample sizes

A

18 out of 32 studies from USA and japan only had 2

distorts overall findings

59
Q

evaluation of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg - large scale research

A

huge sample and significantly developed our understanding of different child rearing practices around the world

60
Q

bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

mother is essential for normal psychological development - prolonged deprivation causes damage to emotional and intellectual development esp in critical period

intellectual - low IQ - goldfarb - children who stayed in an orphanage had lower average iq scores than those fostered

emotional - affectionless psychopathy - lack ability to form close long lasting relationships - criminality

61
Q

evaluation of maternal deprivation - 44 thieves

A

bowlby - 14 out of 44 thieves had affectionless psychopathy

12 had experienced prolonged separation from mother in first two years of life

62
Q

evaluation of maternal deprivation - privation

A

rutter - argues bowlby muddle deprivation and privation

privation is when an attachment has never been formed

63
Q

evaluation of maternal deprivation - czech twins

A

czech twins locked up in cupboard by stepmother from ages 18 months to 7 years

able to form close attachment with two new parents

64
Q

romanian orphans

A

rutter et al - 165 romanian orphans adopted in uk - showed delayed intellectual development - those adopted before 6 months had higher iq - after 6 months - disinhibited attachment

clingy, attention seeking directed to adults inc strangers

zeanah et al - bucharest early intervention project assessed 95 romanian orphans - 19% secure, 44% disinhibited

65
Q

evaluation of romanian orphans - real world application

A

led to improvements in how we care for children eg key workers and foster care over institutions

66
Q

evaluation of romanian orphans - confounding variables

A

high internal validity - orphans did not suffer trauma before hand

67
Q

evaluation of romanian orphans - lack of data

A

only assess orphans until 20s - do not know long term effects or whether adopted children can catch up

68
Q

relationships in childhood

A

securely attached children - form quality friendships

insecurely have friendship difficulties

avoidant - victim
resistant - bully

69
Q

relationships in adulthood

A

hazan and shaver - those with secure attachments more likely to have good and longer romantic experiences

avoidants - jealousy and fear of intimacy

70
Q

evaluation of effect on later relationships - causal relationship

A

just because there is a relationship between attachment type and later relationships doesnt mean they cause one another

71
Q

evaluation of effect on later relationships - supporting research

A

bailey et al - found that most women had the same classification of attachment with their mothers as their own chidlren

72
Q

evaluation of effect on later relationships - validity

A

problems with using retrospective data

participants may not be honest with their responses about early attachment or cannot remember

psychology alevel ! (9 decks)

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