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psychology alevel ! > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

1
Q

wundt and introspection

A
  • first lab
  • start of psychology as a science
  • standardised methods to analyse human consciousness - introspection
  • develop theories about mental processes
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2
Q

evaluation of wundt’s scientific method - scientific

A

wundt used standardised procedures in a controlled lab setting

led to more scientific approaches like behaviourism

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3
Q

evaluation of wundt’s scientific method - subjectivity

A

self reported data from participants is interpreted subjectively - dont know if they reported accurately

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4
Q

emergence of psychology as a science

A

1900s - behaviourism - watson criticised wundt for subjectiveness - behaviourists use well controlled lab studies

1950s - cognitive approach - introduction of computers - use theoretical models to explain mind

1980s - biological approach - technology such as brain scans and DNA testing has made psychology more scientific - empirical data

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5
Q

behaviourist approach assumptions

A
  • behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learnt
  • only study behaviour that is observable and measurable
  • most of research conducted in controlled scientific lab studies
  • research conducted on animals is valid - same principles of learning
  • we are born blank slates - no genetic influence
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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

pavlov’s dog

food (UCS) -> salivation (UCR)
food (UCS) + bell (NS) -> salivation (UCR)
bell (CS) -> salivation (CS)

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7
Q

operant conditioning

A

skinner

positive reinforcement - increase likelihood of behaviour by pleasant consequences

negative reinforcement - increase likelihood of behaviour by removing a negative outcome

punishment - decreases likelihood of behaviour by applying something unpleasant

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8
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - real world application

A

treatments based on principles

desensitisation - 75% effective when treating phobias

strong behavioural element to behaviour

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9
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - deterministic

A

skinner says free will is an illusion - everything we do is sum of reinforcement history

  • ignores influence of our conscious decision making in our subsequent behaviour
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10
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - animal research

A

barnet - outdated and results can not be used to explain human behaviour - humans are more cognitively advanced and social factors have an influence on behaviour

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11
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - scientific

A

approach lends itself to scientific validation - research in controlled lab setting and can be replicated

scientific credibility

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12
Q

social learning theory assumptions

A
  • based upon classical and operant conditioning
  • uses laboratory experiments in which behaviour is observed
  • child learns vicariously by observing the actions and consequences of actions of role models then will imitate
  • we are more likely to imitate those we identify with
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13
Q

meditational processes - slt

A

attention - pay attention to role model
retention - remember what they saw
motor reproduction - be physically capable of performing the behaviour
motivation - be motivated to perform the behaviour

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14
Q

bobo doll - slt

A

bandura et al
- children saw an adult behave aggressively both verbally and physically towards bobo doll
- children who saw aggressive model were more aggressive than non-aggressive model
- children imitated same-sex model more

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15
Q

evaluation of the social learning theory - immediate effects

A

studies mainly on children - rarely investigate adult behaviour

only look at immediate changes in children’s behaviour

do not know long term effects

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16
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - cognitive factors

A

slt vs behaviourism

acknowledge role of cognitive factors so fuller explanation of human behaviour

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17
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - innate

A

still sees behaviour as environmentally determined whereas some behaviours may be innate and not learnt

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18
Q

evaluation of the behaviourist approach - biological explanations

A

biological explanations of aggression not taken into account

lavine - increase levels of dopamine activity associated with increased aggressive behaviour

testosterone positively correlates with aggressiveness

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19
Q

cognitive approach assumptions

A
  • processes can and should be studied scientifically
  • mind works like a computer - input from the senses which it then processes to produce outputs such as language and specific behaviours
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20
Q

cognitive approach - schemas and theoretical models

A

schemas - cognitive representation of ideas about a situation formed through experiences - allow us to predict what will happen

theoretical models - msm - look at behaviour in distinct steps - information processing model - computation

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21
Q

emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A

approach looks for a biological basis for thought processes

1950s

MRI and PET scans - systematically observe and describe neurological basis of mental processes

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22
Q

evaluation of the cognitive approach - oversimplified

A

theoretical models may oversimplify complex processes

eg emotion is overlooked

computer analogy is not valid way of explaining mental processes

23
Q

evaluation of the cognitive approach - ecological validity

A

conducted in labs - lack ecological validity as thought processes measures could be artificial due to context and tasks performed

24
Q

evaluation of the cognitive approach - abstract concepts

A

schemas and theoretical models are abstract concepts which are difficult to scientifically evidence

cognitive neuroscience can do this in a more scientific manner

25
Q

evaluation of the cognitive approach - deterministic

A

suggests that people are mechanistic and lack free will, therefore this approach is very deterministic

does recognise internal processes that behaviourism does not

26
Q

biological approach assumptions

A
  • everything psychological is at first biological
  • approach investigates how biological structures and processes within body impact behaviour
  • genes affect behaviour and influence psychological differences
  • evolutionary psychology considers genetic influences
  • psychologists should study the brain, nervous system and other biological systems
27
Q

biological approach - genotype and phenotype

A

genotype - actual set of genes an individual has

phenotype - come from an interaction of genotype and environment

28
Q

biological approach - twin studies

A

twin studies to compare concordance rate of monozygotic and dizygotic twins - establish if a trait or characteristic is due to biological factors

29
Q

biological approach - evolution

A

darwin would argue that genes are inherited - natural selection

behaviours are genetically determined through genes that are passed on

30
Q

evaluation of the biological approach - scientific

A

scientific techniques have shown there are biological components to behaviour

brain scanning techniques such as fMRi and EEG has improved ability to see this - objective data

31
Q

evaluation of the biological approach - twin studies

A

McGuffin studied twins where one pair suffered from depression

46% - MZ
20% - DZ

32
Q

evaluation of the biological approach - deterministic

A

biological approach accused of being simplistic and ignoring environment

diathesis-stress model -interactionist approach

33
Q

evaluation of the biological approach - real world application

A

drug treatments such as SSRIs for depression have proven to be successful in many cases - biological cause to depression

HOWEVER
drugs dont work for everyone - may only masks symptoms

34
Q

psychodynamic approach assumptions

A
  • unconscious processes - unaware of - determine behaviour
  • personality has three parts - id, ego and superego
  • early childhood experiences determine adult personality
35
Q

psychodynamic approach - id

A

primitive biological part of the mind and present from birth

basic biological impulses or drives such as hunger, thirst

pleasure principle

36
Q

psychodynamic approach - ego

A

mediates between id and superego

develops around age 2 - tries to reduce conflict between id and superego by using defence mechanisms

reality principle

37
Q

psychodynamic approach - superego

A

judges whether actions are right or wrong

internalised representation of same sex parent

morality principle

38
Q

psychodynamic approach defence mechanisms

A

repression - pushing bad experiences or negative emotions out of the conscious mind into the unconscious

denial - refusing to accept that something has or will happen when in fact it will

displacement - transfer feelings onto something neutral

39
Q

psychodynamic approach - oral

A

0-1 years

fixations - smoking, biting nails, sarcasm

40
Q

psychosexual stages - anal

A

1-3 years

fixations
retentive - obsessive and perfectionist
expulsive - messy and disordered

41
Q

psychosexual stages - phallic

A

3-6 years

fixations - vain, narcissist, homosexual

42
Q

psychosexual stages - latency

A

6-12 years

fixations - expands social contacts

43
Q

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach - case studies

A

freud - little hands
oedipus complex

researcher bias and hard to generalise

44
Q

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach - real world application

A

freud introduced a range of therapies to help us to access the unconscious mind - dream analysis

helps to deal with unresolved conflicts and have influenced counselling

45
Q

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach - abstract concepts

A

cannot operationalise or measure concepts such as displacement in a scientific way

non falsifiable - lack scientific credibility

46
Q

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach - psychic determinism

A

freud’s theories suggest that our childhood experiences shape our adult personality and does not acknowledge how other factors in adult like could affect abnormality

no free will

47
Q

humanistic approach assumptions

A
  • have free will but affected by internal and external influences
  • interpreters of own world
  • subjective experiences rather than attempting to create general laws
48
Q

humanistic approach - maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

self-actualisation
esteem
love
safety
psychological

49
Q

roger’s self, congruence and conditions of worth

A

we need two basic things - positive regard and self worth

when similarity between ideal self and how perceive self there is congruence
difference - incongruence

experience conditional positive regard and develop conditions of worth from parents

50
Q

influence of humanistic approach on counselling

A

acts as guide for people to help themselves

therapists provide unconditional positive regard - empathy and genuineness

51
Q

evaluation of humanistic approach - hollistic

A

not as deterministic as other theories such as biological apptoach

humanistic approach - more valid

52
Q

evaluation of humanistic approach - positive approach

A

praised for bringing the human back into psychology

free will

53
Q

evaluation of humanistic approach - culture bias

A

elements of humanism associated with western cultures

collectivist cultures focus more on needs of group

54
Q

evaluation of humanistic approach - unrealistic

A

humanist approach represents an idealised view of human nature

fails to recognise that people have a capacity for self destruction and that encourages people to focus on own self development - not realistic

psychology alevel ! (9 decks)

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