Medical Physiology Introduction

Question 1

how does increased altitude = increased production of red blood cells

Answer 1

increased altitude = decreased oxygen pressure = decreased oxygen intake = hypoxia = increased EPO = increased red blood cell production

Question 2

How does altitude increase = increased pH

Answer 2

^ altitude = decreased pressure of oxygen = intake of less oxygen per breath = increased ventilation = increased release of CO2 = increased pH = increased base output in urine.

Question 3

Why does increased altitude cause hypoxia

Answer 3

increased altitude = molecules are more spread out in the atmosphere = intake of less oxygen molecules with each breath = hypoxia.

Question 4

What are the main ways that heat leaves the body

Answer 4

evaporation (through respiration), evaporation ( through sweat), and convection (through air/water across skin), radiation (through waves off of skin)

Question 5

What are the ways someone may take in heat

Answer 5

thermal radiation from sun, sky or ground. and conduction from and contact or friction being created such as contact with ground or air and friction made my muscles being activated.

Question 6

disuse atrophy

Answer 6

disuse atrophy occurs when a part of the body begins to decrease in physiological capacity due to it not being put under frequent stress

Question 7

sarcopenia and other disuse atrophies are a strong predictor of _____________

Answer 7

mortality

Question 8

collateral circulation

Answer 8

Collateral circulation occurs when alternate blood vessels take over and create an alternate route for blood flow when an artery or vein becomes blocked or damage.

Question 9

Why are high levels of oxygen toxic to infants

Answer 9

high levels of oxygen can cause too much circulation which can lead to collateral damage to the retina of the eye through overproduction of capillaries and arteries. This can cause blindness

Question 10

The ability expressed by a cell is determined by a ____________ within the DNA of the cell. This ______ is the only one that is not __________

Answer 10

the ability expressed by a cell is determined by a gene within the DNA of the cell. This gene is the only gene that is not supressed.

Question 11

The function of a red blood cell is ________________.

Answer 11

The function of a red blood cell is gas transport.

Question 12

the function of the pancreatic cell is _______________________

Answer 12

the function of the pancreatic cell is hormone and enzyme production

Question 13

the function of a muscle cell is ________________

Answer 13

the function of a muscle cell is movement of the skeleton

Question 14

Differentiation in the function of cells is soley due to ____________________

Answer 14

DNA expression

Question 15

how much of the body is extracellular fluid and what is it made of.

Answer 15

1/3 of the fluid in the body is the extracellular fluid which is made up of interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 16

extracellular fluids are transported through all parts of the body in two stages which are the ____________________and the ___________________________________

Answer 16

extracellular fluids are transported through all parts of the body in two stages which are the circulation of blood and the transport between plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 17

Cells are never more than _________from a capillary because the___________________ from the capillary to the extracellular fluid is ____________

Answer 17

Cells are never more than 50 uL from a capillary because the rate of diffusion from the capillary to the extracellular fluid is so slow

Question 18

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are separated by _____________________which decides ______________________________

Answer 18

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are seperated by a slightly permeable membrane which decides what can go in and out of the cell

Question 19

Proteins in the cell membrane act as a ________to __________________

Answer 19

Proteins in the cell membrane act as a gate to allow certain things in and out of the cell

Question 20

protein shape is determined by _______________________

Answer 20

protein shape is determined by amino acid sequence.

Question 21

Sequence of amino acids are determined by ___________

Answer 21

the DNA

Question 22

The nutriens in the extracellular fluid are directed to the (4 places)

Answer 22

lungs, GI tract, liver and MS

Question 23

Removal of metabolic end products in the extracellular fluid is completed by the (4 places)

Answer 23

lungs, kidneys, GI tract, liver

Question 24

HR and VO2 have a ______________

Answer 24

linear relationship

Question 25

What are the four divisions of the nervous system

Answer 25

CNS, ANS, Sensory, and motor

Question 26

what are the receptors in the neck that allow you to make someone pass out in a choke hold and why

Answer 26

baroreceptors and because they relay info about BP and ANS to the brain. when these are shut down BP drops.

Question 27

What happens in the body when there is a deviation from homeostasis

Answer 27

there are sensors that detect error and they send messages to the brain to create a correction

Question 28

9999999999999999

Answer 28

99999999999999

Question 29

a cell that reacts in response to stimulus is a ___________

Answer 29

receptor

Question 30

Positive feedback often leads to _____________

Answer 30

instability

Question 31

____________feedback increases change and output whereas ___________feedback decreases change and output

Answer 31

positive feedback increases change and output whereas negative feedback decreases change and output

Question 32

an example of positive feedback

Answer 32

stretch of cervix during labor causes uterine contractions which causes more stretching of the cervix

Question 33

an example of negative feedback

Answer 33

your temperatre rises due to being out in the heat so your body begins to cool down (stopping the change)

Question 34

the four basic tissue types are

Answer 34

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Question 35

epithelial tissue covers most surfaces in the body such as the ______________, the _______________, ____________ and _________________.

Answer 35

epithelial tissue covers most surfaces in the body such as the outside of the body, the digestive tract, blood vessels and body cavities.

Question 36

the epithelial tissue secretes _____________________ on the opposite side of their free surface to aid in _____________________.

Answer 36

the epithelial tissue secretes extracellular material on the opposite side of their free surface to aid in attaching to underlying tissue.

Question 37

the main characteristics of connective tissues is ______, _______ and _________

Answer 37

elasticity, fluidity and stickiness

Question 38

connective tissue surrounds ___________ and ___________

Answer 38

each cell and section of cells

Question 39

cells are separated from each other by the ________________________ .

Answer 39

cells are separated from each other by the non-living extracellular matrix.

Question 40

What are the three types of extracellular matrix

Answer 40

protein fibers (collagen and elastin), ground substances (consisting of non fibrous protein) and fluid (blood or plasma)

Question 41

Three types of muscle tissue

Answer 41

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 42

skeletal muscle is __________ and ___________, cardiac muscle is ________and __________ and smooth (__________) muscle is __________ and ____________.

Answer 42

skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, cardiac muscle is striated involuntary and smooth (visceral) muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

Question 43

Nervous tissue has the ability to _________________

Answer 43

Nervous tissue has the ability to conduct electrical signals

Question 44

the basic cell of nervous tissue is the __________ which is composed of ____, __________ and ______

Answer 44

the basic cell of nrvous tissue is a neruon which is composed of the cell body, dendrites and axon

Question 45

the neuroglia supports cells of the _______, ________ and ___________________.

Answer 45

the neuroglia supports cells of the brain, spinal chord and peripheral nerves.