synapses and neurotransmitters

Question 1

what is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 1

neuron

Question 2

How do incoming signals enter a neuron

Answer 2

through synapses located mostly on neuronal dendrites

Question 3

How do neurons send signals

Answer 3

through the synapses on the end of axons

Question 4

sensory receptors

Answer 4

aka affecter neurons
info comes in from skin/eyes/ears/nose/tongue (5 senses) as well as pain! and is sent to the CNS

Question 5

what happens when afferent neurons (sensory receptors) receive input?

Answer 5

it causes depolarization and causes the Na channels to open

Question 6

What happens when a motor receptor receives input

Answer 6

it sends impulses to an effector organ and causes contraction of smooth or skeletal muscles. also causes secretion of certain chemicals from glands (such as acetyl coa)

Question 7

what is controlled by the ANS

Answer 7

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 8

Integration

Answer 8

Stimuli that are received by sensory structures are communicated to the nervous system where that information is processed

Question 9

what causes neurotransmitters to be secreted

Answer 9

chemical synapses

Question 10

what causes the generation of an electrical signal

Answer 10

excitatory post synaptic potentials

(an action potential that excites)

Question 11

What causes the prevents generation of an electrical signal

Answer 11

inhibitory post synaptic potentials

(an action potential that inhibits)

Question 12

when is the neuron excited enough to open sodium channels

Answer 12

when the axon hellic is depolarized to at least -55 or higher.

Question 13

what keeps you from feeling your jewelry around your neck all day and other sense such as this one

Answer 13

inhibitory post synaptic potentials

Question 14

What is the purpose of inhibitory neurons

Answer 14

to decrease sensory input for allowed increase of focus.

Question 15

how are signals transported from one neuron to another

Answer 15

draw this out or explain it

Question 16

how do inhibitory synapses work

Answer 16

neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic membrane and bind to receptor proteins on postsynaptic cleft and triggers potassium ion channels to open (causing the inside of the cell to become more negative)

Question 17

how do excitatory synapses work

Answer 17

neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic membrane and bind to receptor proteins on postsynaptic cleft and triggers sodium ion channels to open (causing the inside of the cell to become more positive)

Question 18

job of motor neurons

Answer 18

get info from brain and send it to muscles, organs and glands

Question 19

job of interneurons

Answer 19

to transport information from neuron to neuron (such as sensory neurons to motor neurons)

Question 20

job of acetyl coa

Answer 20

motor movement
para and sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

job of norepinephrine

Answer 21

postganglionic sympathetic NS

Question 22

job of dopamine

Answer 22

usually inhibition

Question 23

job of glycine

Answer 23

always inhibitory

Question 24

job of glutamate

Answer 24

excitation

Question 25

job of seratonin

Answer 25

inhibition of pain
control mood and sleep

Question 26

job of nitric oxide

Answer 26

long-term behavior/memory
not pre-formed
synthesized instantly as needed

Question 27

What are G-Proteins

Answer 27

a protein with three subgroups (alpha, beta and gamma) that has the ability to convert GDP to GTP by using a G protein coupled receptor

Question 28

Describe the presynaptic membrane

Answer 28

increased calcium channels
transmitter vesicles with DPB found

Question 29

What causes tansmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft

Answer 29

large influx of calcium into the presynaptic membrane

Question 30

What is the bindng component

Answer 30

found in post synaptic membrane, grabs neurotransmitters and pulls them into the post synaptic membrane

Question 31

what are ionophore components

Answer 31

sodium or potassium channels that open in response to neurotransmitters being let into the post synaptic membrane

Question 32

What part of a G protein is seperated and what does this seperated part do

Answer 32

the alpha part and it opens specific channels and activates CAMP system and gene trrasnciption

Question 33

What are neuropeptides

Answer 33

proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes in the neuron and sent to the golgi apparatus to be released in the cytoplasm and travel down the axon. (lots to do with pain signals!)

Question 34

Explain decremental conduction

Answer 34

the tips of dendrites are less negative because tey have more potassium channels that are consnantly leaking. this makes the tips of dendrites susceptible to excitatory signals, however the charge drops lower as you go towards the axon helic which assuresthat the excitatory signal is strong enough to create a response.

Question 35

Where are inhibitory channels found in the neuron

Answer 35

the soma

Question 36

What has to reach -55mV for a neuron to be excited

Answer 36

the axon helic

Question 37

White muscle fibers

Answer 37

fast twitch, type 2 muscle fiber

Question 38

red muscle fiber

Answer 38

slow twitch type 1

Question 39

Why does hyperventilation increase the chance of epileptic seizures

Answer 39

alkalosis (too much basidity) increases excitability by a great amount

Question 40

What causes comas in diabetics

Answer 40

acidosis (too much acidity) decreases excitability and inhibits it. which causes no neural activity = coma

Question 41

how does caffiene affect synaptic transmission

Answer 41

decreases excitatory threshold and makes it easier to excite

Question 42

how do anesthetics affect synaptic transmission

Answer 42

increases excitatory threshold and makes it more difficult to excite