302 Pathophysiology of complications of hypertension Flashcards
What are the effects of lowering high blood pressure by every 10mmHg?
17% reduction of coronary heart disease
27% reduction in stroke
28% reduction of heart failure
13% reduction in all-cause mortality
What is the definition of blood pressure?
The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels
What is the equation for blood pressure?
BP= CO x SVR
CO= HR x SV
What is vascular resistance?
The resistance you must overcome to push through the circulatory system and create flow
What is the definition of cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat
What is preload?
The volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole
What is diastole?
The relaxation of heart muscles
What is afterload?
The resistance the heart has to overcome to pump blood
What are the 4 categories of pathology caused by hypertension?
Sympathetic nervous system
- increased sympathetic tone
Cardiac function
- Increased cardiac output
Endothelial function (blood vessels)
- increased peripheral resistance
Renal effects
- RAAS activation
Increased renin release, sodium retention, and water retention
How often is hypertension secondary to something?
10% of the time
In younger people
What are some renal causes of hypertension?
Renal artery stenosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Glomerulonephritis
What are some endocrine causes of hypertension?
Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s
Phaeochromocytoma
Hypo/Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Acromegaly
Which drugs can cause hypertension?
COCP (contraceptive pill)
Steroids
NSAID’s
Pseudoensocrine
Herbal supplements
Cocaine
Antidepressants
EPO (Erythropoietin)
Tacrolimus
Ciclosporin
Which medical conditions can cause secondary hypertension?
Obstructive sleep apnoea
Pregnancy
Congenital malformations like coarctation of the aorta
