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AQA A-Level Psychology > Section 4 : Psychopathology - Depression, Phobias, OCD > Flashcards

Section 4 : Psychopathology - Depression, Phobias, OCD Flashcards

1
Q

what do psychologists try to do to mental disordersq

A

they try to classify them

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2
Q

what is used to classify disorders

A

the DSM

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3
Q

how does the DSM classify disorders

A

using defined diagnostic criteria

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4
Q

what does defined diagnostic criteria refer to

A

a list of symptoms which can be used a tool for diagnosis

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5
Q

the DSM attempts to make diagnosis ….

A

concrete and descriptive

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6
Q

what do classifications allow for

A

allows data to be collected about a disorder and can help in the development in new treatments and medication

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7
Q

why are classifications criticised

A

it is criticised for stigmatising people and ignoring their ‘uniqueness’ by putting them in an artificial group

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8
Q

depression is an example of what

A

a mood disorder

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9
Q

mood disorders are characterised by what

A

strong emotions which can influence a person’s ability to function normally.

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10
Q

what do mood disorders effect

A

can affect a persons perceptions, thinking and behvaiour

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11
Q

depression is one of the most common mood disorders. name two types of depression

A

major depresion (unipolar disorder)
manic depression (bipolar disorder)

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12
Q

what is major depression

A
  • an episode of depression that can occur suddenly
  • can be reactive - caused by external factors e.g. death of a loved one
  • can be endogenous - caused by internal factors e.g. neurological factors
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13
Q

what is manic depression

A
  • alternation between two mood extremes (mania and depression)
  • the change in mood often occurs in regular cycles of days or weeks
  • episodes of mania involve overactivity, rapid speech and feeling extremely happy or agitated
  • episodes of depressions involve physical, cognitive and affective symptoms
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14
Q

people with depression can experience a range of possible symptoms what are they

A

-physical/behavioural symptoms
-affective/emotional symptoms
-cognitive symptoms

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15
Q

what are the physical symptoms of depression

A
  • sleep disturbances
  • change in appetite
  • pain
  • lack of activity
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16
Q

what are diseases linked to sleep disturbances

A

insomnia or hypersomnia

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17
Q

what are diseases linked to change in appetite

A

not necessarily diseases but can lead to it:
- eating more or less than usual
- gaining or losing weight

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18
Q

what diseases are linked to pain

A

not necessarily diseases but can lead to it:
- headaches, joint aches and muscle aches

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19
Q

what diseases are linked to lack of activity

A

not necessarily diseases but can lead to it:
- social withdrawal
- loss of sex drive

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20
Q

what are affective symptoms of depression

A
  • extreme feelings of sadness, hopelessness and despair
  • diurnal mood variation
  • anhedonia
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21
Q

what is anhedonia

A

no longer enjoying activities or hobbies that used to be pleasureable

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22
Q

what are diurnal mood variations

A

changes in mood throughout the day e.g. feeling worse in the morning

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23
Q

what the cognitive symptoms of depression

A
  • experiencing persistent negative beliefs about themselves and their abilities
  • sucidal thoughts
  • slower thought processes (difficulty concentrating and making decisions
24
Q

what is a phobia

A

an extreme irrational fear of a particular object or situation

25
Q

what are the types of phobia

A
  • specific phobias
  • agoraphobias
  • social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
26
Q

what do specific phobias refer to

A

a fear of a specific object/s or situations

27
Q

what are the five subtypes of specific phobias

A

-animal type
-environmental dangers type
- blood-injection injury type
-situational type
-other type

28
Q

examples of animal type phobia

A

also called zoophobia e.g. the fear of spiders

29
Q

examples of environmental dangers type phobia

A

e.g. fear of water

30
Q

examples of blood-injection injury type phobias

A

e.g. fear of needles

31
Q

examples of situational type phobias

A

e.g. fear of enclosed spaces or heights etc.

32
Q

what is agoraphobia

A
  • this is a fear of open spaces e.g. using public transport etc.
  • specifically linked to the fear of not being able to escape or find help if an embarrassing situation arises
  • often involves the sufferer avoiding the situation in order to avoid distress
  • may develop as a result of other phobias as the sufferer is afraid they’ll come across the sources of their fear if they leave the house
33
Q

what is social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

A
  • fear of being in social situations
  • e.g. eating in public talking in front of people etc.
  • usually down to the possibility of being judged or being embarrassed
34
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms of phobias

A
  • irrational beliefs about the stimulus that causes fear
  • hard to concentrate because they are preoccupied by anxious thoughts
35
Q

what are the behavioural symptoms of phobias

A
  • avoiding social situations - cause anxiety especially to people with agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder
    -altering behaviour to avoid the feared object or situation
    -trying to escape if feared object/situation is encountered
    -often feel generally restless and easily startled
36
Q

what are the physical symptoms of phobias

A

-activation of fight or flight response when feared object o situation is encountered
-involves release of adrenaline, increased HR and breathing, muscle tension

37
Q

what are the emotional symptoms of phobias

A

-anxiety
-feeling of dread

38
Q

what is the criteria used to classify a phobia according to the DSM

A
  • significant prolonged fear of an object
  • people experience an anxiety response if they are exposed to the phobic stimulus
  • phobias are out of proportion to any danger
  • sufferers go out of their way to avoid the phobic stimulus
  • the phobia disrupts their lives (avoid social situations
39
Q

what are the two parts of OCD

A
  • obsession
  • compulsion
    most people with OCD experience compulsions and obsessions
40
Q

give an example of OCD and how the obsession is linked to the compulsion

A

excessive worrying about catching germs may lead to excessive hand-washing

41
Q

what is the cognitive aspect of OCD

A

obsessions

42
Q

what is the behvaioural aspect of OCD

A

compulsions

43
Q

what is the emotional aspect of OCD

A

obsessions tend to cause people anxiety and their compulsions are an attempt to relieve this

44
Q

what % of the worlds populaation does OCD affect

A

2%

45
Q

when do sufferers of OCD develop the disorder

A

in their late teens or early 20’s. the disorder occurs equally in men and women and all in their ethnic groups

46
Q

What are obsessions

A
  • Cognitive part of OCD
  • Intrusive and persistent thoughts, images and impulses
  • They are the internal aspect of OCD
47
Q

What is the criteria used to classify an obsession

A
  • Persistent reoccurring thought, images, impulses that are unwanted and cause distress to the person
  • Person actively tries to ignore the thoughts, images or impulses but is unable to
  • the obsessions have not been caused by other physiological substances e.g. drugs
48
Q

What are compulsions

A
  • Physical, mental repetitive actions
  • External aspect of OCD
49
Q

Give an example of compulsions

A

Checking the door is locked nine time etc.

50
Q

What is the problem with compulsions

A

The problem with compulsions is that the action reduces anxiety cause by an obsession for a short time meaning the obsession starts up again

51
Q

How does the DSM classify a compulsion

A
  • Person repeats physical behaviour or mental acts that relate to an obsession
  • compulsions are meant to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared situation in reality they’re excessive or wouldn’t actually stop a dreaded situation
  • compulsions have not been caused by other physiological substances such as drugs
52
Q

What are the indications of OCD

A

-If the obsessions or compulsions last at least one hour each day
-if the obsessions and compulsions interfere with a persons ability to maintain a relationship, hold down a job or take part in social activities

53
Q

What are the types of OCD behaviours

A
  • Checking
  • Contamination
  • Hoarding
  • Symmetry and orderliness
54
Q

What is does the checking type of OCD behaviour include

A

Includes checking that the lights are off or that you have your purse or wallet

55
Q

What does the contamination type of OCD include

A

This involves a fear of catching germs by going to a restaurant, touching door handles, shaking hands or using public toilets

56
Q

What does the hoarding type of OCD involved

A

Keeping useless or worn-out objects such as old newspapers or junk mail

57
Q

What does symmetry and orderliness type of OCD include

A

Getting objects lined up ‘just right’ such as having all the tins in your food cupboard facing exactly the same way or everything on your desk arranged in a neat order in the right places

AQA A-Level Psychology (34 decks)

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