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Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy 23 > Kahoot Questions > Flashcards

Kahoot Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which fiber types transmit information on pain and temperature?

A
  • C fibers
  • Adelta fibers
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2
Q

In dissociated sensory loss, nociception remains intact while mechanosensory perception is lost.

True or False?

A

False

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3
Q

Which ion is the main substrate for TRP ion channels?

A

Ca2+

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4
Q

Which is the main source for top-down pain modulation?

A

Periaqueductal gray

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5
Q

Which is the most prevalent mechanoreceptor in human skin?
Meissner corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles
Merkel cells
Pacinian corpuscles

A

Meissner corpuscles

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6
Q

Inhibitory cortical interneurons make up what mean percentage of the overall cortical neuron count?

A

25% (20-30%)

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7
Q

Which ganglionic eminence(s) produce(s) cortical interneurons?

A
  • Medial ganglionic eminence
  • Caudal ganglionic eminence
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8
Q

Which interneuron type is particularly effective in suppressing target cell output?

A
  • Chandelier cell (parvalbumin)
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9
Q

Put the developmental stages of interneurons in correct order!

  • Radial migration through the layers
  • Tangential migration through the cortex
  • Neurogenesis in ganglionic eminence
  • Migration towards the cortex
A
  • Neurogenesis in ganglionic eminence
  • Migration towards the cortex
  • Tangential migration through the cortex
  • Radial migration through the layers
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10
Q

Roughly a third of all interneurons undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) after settling in the cortex.

True or False?

A

True

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11
Q

Sort the steps a Brain Computer Interface takes when operating.
(first step on top and the last step at the bottom of the list.)

  • Feature translation
  • Feature extraction
  • Signal acquisition
  • Device output and feedback
A
  1. Signal acquisition
  2. Feature extraction
  3. Feature translation
  4. Device output and feedback
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12
Q

What pathway is primarily active when flexing an arm muscle?
- Corticobulbar pathway OR
- Corticospinal pathway

A

Corticospinal pathway

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13
Q

Name a possible feature that could be derived from a modality of signal acquisition!

A
  • Latency of ERP
  • Firing rate
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14
Q

Every Brain Computer Interface (BCI) requires a translation algorithm that translates already extracted and processed data.

True or False?

A

False

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15
Q

The stimulation of a single motor neuron in primary motor cortex elicits activity only in a single correspondent muscle.

True or False?

A

False

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16
Q

Which hormone levels lead to temporary increase in hippocampal volume?
High estrogen, low progesterone
Low estrogen, low progesterone
High estrogen, high progesterone
Low estrogen, high progesterone

A

High estrogen, low progesterone

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17
Q

There is consensus on the role of estrogen on memory.

True or False?

A

False

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18
Q

Which are symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder according to the DSM-5?

A
  • Moodiness
  • Acne
  • Stomach cramps
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19
Q

Which are the correct statements:

  • Progesterone decreases anxiety.
  • Estrogen improves mood.
  • Cortisol reactivity decreases in the luteal phase.
  • Increased amygdala activity in the luteal phase.
A
  • Progesterone decreases anxiety.
  • Estrogen improves mood.
  • Increased amygdala activity in the luteal phase.
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20
Q

Which is not a phase of the menstrual cycle?
- Fovear phase
- Luteal phase
- Follicular phase
- ovulation

A

Fovear phase

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21
Q

Which of the following eye movements fulfill the function of shifting gaze?

  • Vergence
  • Saccade
  • vestibulo-ocular movements
  • smooth pursuit
A
  • Vergence
  • Saccade
  • smooth pursuit
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22
Q

Abduction and adduction are executed by the superior and inferior rectus muscles.
True or False?

A

False

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23
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves innervate muscles of the ipsilateral eye?
a. oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)
b. optic (II) and abducens (VI)
c. trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI)
d. oculomotor (III) and abducens (VI)

A
  1. oculomotor and abducens
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24
Q

During a saccade to the left, which of the following structures are activated?
- left lateral rectus muscle
- right abducens nucleus
- right oculomotor nucleus
- left medullary reticular formation

A
  • left lateral rectus muscle
  • right oculomotor nucleus
  • left medullary reticular formation
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25
Q

We can orient our eyes in response to an auditory stimulus due to topographically organized maps in the superior colliculus.

True or False

A

True

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26
Q

Which processes are part of the amyloid cascade?
a. Cleavage of APP by alpha-secretases and γ-secretase
b. Excessive accumulation of Aβ peptides
c. Disruption of normal synaptic transmission
d. Cleavage of APP by β-secretases and γ-secretases

A

b. Excessive accumulation of Aβ peptides
c. Disruption of normal synaptic transmission
d. Cleavage of APP by β-secretases and γ-secretases

27
Q

Injections with an Aβ-based antigen are an example of passive immunotherapy against Aβ.

True or False?

A

False

28
Q

Aducanumab mainly binds to …

A

Oligomers

29
Q

Which was the most common adverse event reported in the phase 3 trials EMERGE and ENGAGE?
- ARIA-H microhemorrhage
- Headache
- ARIA-E
- Nasopharyngitis

A

ARIA-E

30
Q

Aducanumab received accelerated FDA-approval due to its beneficial effect on cognitive decline in patients with MCI or mild dementia due to AD.

True or False?

A

False

31
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of Alzheimers’s disease pathogenesis?
- Decreased Firmicutes species in gut
- Increased GABA in CNS
- Highly active microglia
- Chronic secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in the gut

A
  • Increased GABA in CNS
32
Q

The release of lipopolysaccharides in the gut induces blood-brain barrier permeability.

A

True

33
Q

What percentage of overall serotonin and GABA are produced in the gut, respectively?

A

90% of serotonin, 50% of GABA

34
Q

What is correct regarding Ghrelin
- Ghrelin induces weight gain.
- Ghrelin receptors are expressed in the CNS.
- Ghrelin level decrease causes depression.
- Ghrelin is implicated in hippocampal neurogenesis.

A
  • induces weight gain
  • Ghrelin receptors are expressed in the CNS
  • Ghrelin is implicated in hippocampal neurogenesis.
35
Q

Improved sanitation in early life has been shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

A
  • True
36
Q

Order events leading to Alzheimer’s disease according to gut-brain connections.
- Increased gut inflammation and leaky gut
- Amyloid plaque aggregation
- Leaky blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation
- Gut dysbiosis

A
  • Gut dysbiosis
  • Increased gut inflammation and leaky gut
  • Leaky blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation
  • Amyloid plaque aggregation
37
Q

A feedforward control system needs a representation of the system’s internal state

A

True

38
Q

According to the UCT theory, what is the cognitive outcome of cerebellar damage called?

  • Dystonia of thought
  • Ataxia of thought
  • Dysmetria of thought
  • Arrhythmia of thought
A

Dysmetria of thought

39
Q

According to the Guell, Hoche & Schmahmann (2014) paper, what did patients with dysmetria of thought find difficult?

  • Understanding a new sentence
  • Constructing a new sentence given context constraints
  • Evaluating the syntactic correctness of a sentence
  • Constructing a new sentence by inferring it from context
A

Constructing a new sentence by inferring it from context

40
Q

The cerebellar output to the basal ganglia is thought to preferentially influence the direct pathway.

A

False

41
Q

How does the indirect pathway unfold? (four states)

A
  • striatum
  • GPe
  • STN
  • GPi (and SNr)
  • Thalamus
42
Q

Which part of the (pre)frontal cortex and basal ganglia are most involved in error-type learning?

  • Ventromedial PFC and ventromedial striatum
  • Dorsolateral PFC and putamen
  • Premotor cortex and ventromedial striatum
  • Orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum
A

Ventromedial PFC and ventromedial striatum

43
Q

Which of these does not increase the strength of an EMG signal?
- Closer proximity of the muscle to the skin
- Closer proximity of the electrode to the muscle
- Fat tissue layers between the electrode and the muscle
- Higher contraction of the muscle

A
  • Fat tissue layers between the electrode and the muscle
44
Q

Vertical eye movement artifacts can maximally affect which electrodes?
- FP1-FP2
- FP3-FP4
- TZ-T4
- P6-P7

A

FP1-FP2

45
Q

Which term refers to the number of oscillations?
- Phase
- Superimposition
- Frequency
- Amplitude

A

Frequency

46
Q

Which of the following is not a possible treatment for narcolepsy-cataplexy?
- Stimulants
- Benzodiazepines
- Antidepressants
- Sodium oxybate

A
  • Benzodiazepines
47
Q

Which brain waves are observed during NRM sleep, stage 3?
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- Delta

A

Delta

48
Q

Which factors influence our estimation of time
(multiple possibilities)

a. Emotion
b. Attention
c. Novelty
d. Sensory change

A

a, b, c, d

49
Q

Dopamine neuron activity reflects AND can directly control the judgment of time

(Y/N)

A

Yes

50
Q

Put the biological rhythms/timings in the right order
(from longer to shorter)

a. Circadian
b. Millisecond
c. Ultradian
d. Interval

A

Correct:
a-Circadian,
c-Ultradian,
d-Interval,
b-Millisecond

51
Q

Which of the following is not true about the development of time perception in infants & children?

a. Children’s explicit time judgment ability is thought to be related to the maturation of fronto-striatal system.

b. Infants develop circadian rhythms within the first several months after birth.

c. Children aged between 1-3 can make both implicit and explicit time judgments.

d. Studies suggest that 10 months old infants can detect deviations in the timing of repetitive stimuli.

A

c. Children aged between 1-3 can make both implicit and explicit time judgments.

52
Q

Which of these areas is NOT directly involved in time perception?

a. Cerebellum
b. Basal ganglia
c. Prefrontal cortex
d. Brain stem

A

d. Brainstem

53
Q

Which the following statements is NOT true for DMN?
* It is considered the physical counterpart of the narrative self or ‘’ego’’.
* It houses a dense expression of 5-HT2A receptors.
* DMN resting state FC correlates negatively with depressive rumination.
* One of its primary function is instantiating metacognition.

A

DMN resting state FC correlates negatively with depressive rumination.

54
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a direct neurobiological/psychological consequence associated with psilocybin?
* The repertoire of inter-regional and between-network FC is expanded
* Neural connectivity and network activity becomes more modular.
* Precision weighting of pervious beliefs (i.e., priors) is relaxed.
* Within-network activity in association cortices appears to be reduced.

A

Neural connectivity and network activity becomes more modular.

55
Q

What are the key mechanisms that underline psilocybin’s antidepressant effects?
* Generalized affinity towards 5-HT2A receptors of deep pyramid cells.
* A decoupling between DMN and other association networks such as EN and SN.
* A perturbed DMN FC linked to the dissolution of the ‘’ego’’.
* Increased dynamic network flexibility across trans-modal brain regions.

A

A perturbed DMN FC linked to the dissolution of the ‘’ego’’.
&
Increased dynamic network flexibility across trans-modal brain regions.

56
Q

Write down a major hub in DMN

A

mPFC
PCC
precuneus
angular gyrus

57
Q

Which neurotransmitter does psilocin’s chemical makeup resemble the most?
* Dopamine
* Acetylcholine
* Serotonin
* GABA

A

Serotonin

58
Q

Through which of these mediators does psilocin modulate neuroplasticity?
* Ependymin
* Nerve growth factor
* L-dopa
* BDNF
* C-Fos

A

BDNF & C-Fos

59
Q

One can develop (physical) substance dependence to psilocin
(Y/N)

A

No

60
Q

Which of the following is not a type of neuroplasticity?
* Homologous area adaptation
* Distal attribution
* Map expansion
* Cross-modal reassignment

A

Distal attribution

61
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
Cross-modal plasticity explains unsuccessful results after retinal implant.
Changes in connectivity with the thalamus may cause cross-modal plasticity.
TVSS by Paul Bach-y-Rita was the first sensory substitution device.
V1 in the blind is recruited for touch due to compensatory plasticity.

A

V1 in the blind is recruited for touch due to compensatory plasticity.

62
Q

How do the cortical maps rapidly change in response to amputation? (multi-select)
Sprouting of axonal collaterals
Synaptic proliferation
Activation of redundant, dormant connections
Wishful thinking

A

Sprouting of axonal collaterals
&
Activation of redundant, dormant connections

63
Q

The neuromatrix of pain accurately, and completely defines PLP.
(Y/N)

A

No

64
Q

What does cross modal plasticity and map expansion have in common? (choose two)
They are both ways the brain can respond to injury.
They can be related to learning or enhancing cognitive capacities.
They both happen only at youth.
They only happen in M1.

A

They are both ways the brain can respond to injury.
&
They can be related to learning or enhancing cognitive capacities.

Neurophysiology and Neuroanatomy 23 (15 decks)

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