Mock Exam Questions

Question 1

What is NOT true about Pain perception:
1. The Placebo effect can be blocked by opioid antagonists
2. Top Down Modulation of Pain refers to the exclusively intracortical mechanism of pain
modulation
3. A-delta and C-fibers ascend contralateral
4. Fast pain fibers aren’t really that fast

Answer 1

2

Question 2

Which statement about top-down pain modulation is correct?
1. Patients have to be tricked into believing in a placebo substance for it to work.
2. A major node of top-down pain modulation is the cerebellum.
3. Top-down pain modulation ensures that comparable nociceptive stimuli are subjectively perceived as being equal.
4. Top-down pain modulated relies on endogenous opioids and can be diminished or abolished by opioid antagonists.

Answer 2

4

Question 3

What is true about interneurons, they…?
1. are known for they long axons, connecting different brain parts
2. originate in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences
3. start to migrate as neuroblast in the ventricular zone
4. make up 30-40% of the total neuron population

Answer 3

2

Question 4

Which statement about interneurons is false?
1. Some interneurons are excitatory.
2. Interneurons can be classified as belonging to one of three mayor subtypes (parvalbumin-posititve, PV+; somatostatin-positive, SST+; serotonin-receptor expressing, 5HTR3s)
3. Interneurons are produced within the ganglionic eminences and migrate towards the nascent cortex.
4. 30-40 % of interneurons originally produced will undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) during development.

Answer 4

1

Question 5

Which statement is NOT true about the Pre-Motor Areas?
1. They integrate information about circumstances and intention
2. Some Neurons in the SMA project directly to muscle fibers
3. they are part of the frontal cortex
4. They fire at cue perception in conditioned tasks

Answer 5

2

Question 6

What does BCI do?
1. BCI measures CNS activity and converts it into device command.
2. BCI improves natural CNS output.
3. BCI skips the corticospinal track and mimics CNS.
4. All above

Answer 6

4

Question 7

Which statement about the lower (second) motor neuron is correct?
1. Lower motor neurons are localized in the dorsal (back) part of the spinal cord.
2. Lower motor neurons are used as a common source for brain-computer interface (BCI) signal acquisition.
3. There is a horizontal topography within spinal cord segments, with medial lower motor neurons innervating proximal muscles and lateral lower motor neurons innervating distal muscles.
4. Approximately 5 % of all lower motor neurons are so-called giant Betz Cells.

Answer 7

3

Question 8

What is the difference in the performance of emotion recognition tasks during the menstrual cycle, the accuracy is… ?
1. lower during the follicular phase, especially for sad faces.
2. lower during the follicular phase, but responses elicit faster
3. higher during the follicular phase, compared to responses in the luteal phase.
4. highest during the ovulation phase.

Answer 8

3

Question 9

Which statement about neuroimaging findings in correlation to the menstrual cycle is correct?
1. The volume of the amygdala increases significantly just prior to ovulation.
2. Hippocampal gray matter volume has been found to increase in the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
3. Reactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to emotional stimuli was reduced during the luteal phase.
4. Activity in areas associated with executive functions, e.g., middle and superior frontal gyri, is unaffected by the menstrual cycle

Answer 9

2

Question 10

Which of the following structures is/are of particular importance for the production of saccadic eye movements?
1. Superior colliculi
2. Anterior thalamus
3. Orbitofrontal cortex
4. Nucleus basalis Meynert

Answer 10

1

Question 11

Activities in which of the following is necessary for a saccade to the right?
1. right rostral interstitial nucleus
2. left medial rectus
3. right trochlear nucleus
4. all the above

Answer 11

2

Question 12

Which statement about anti-β-amyloid (anti-Aβ) treatment in Alzheimer disease is false?
1. Immunization can be either active or passive.
2. Clinical trials in humans have, so far, yielded mixed results.
3. Aducamab animal trials have shown a reduction in Aβ-plaque levels.
4. The majority of immunotherapy trials utilize polyclonal antibodies.

Answer 12

4

Question 13

What is the Aducanumab’s hypothesised mechanism of action?
1. Vaccination with Aducanumab elicits production of anti-Aβ antibodies.
2. Aducanumab prevents the formation of ARIA-E and ARIA-H.
3. Aducanumab binds to Aβ-oligomers and stimulates microglia to clear Aβ-plaques.
4. Aducanumab is a gene therapy treatment that substitutes APOE-ε4 with APOE-ε2.

Answer 13

3

Question 14

Why does the consumption of SCFA (Short Term Fatty Acids) lead to an increase of cognitive functions and learning, because they ?
1. promote the permeability of the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)
2. elevate the expression of BDNF and NMDA receptors
3. activate the proliferation of Microglia
4. promote the intestinal functions via the HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis).

Answer 14

2

Question 15

Which glia cell was reported to be particularly susceptible to experimental changes of the gut microbiota, e.g., showed lack of maturation and responsiveness in germ-free (GF) mice?
1. Microglia
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligodendrocytes
4. Ependymocytes

Answer 15

1

Question 16

Which of the following comparisons of between cerebellum and cerebrum is correct?
1. The cerebellum is larger than the cerebrum.
2. The density of cerebral neurons is higher than the density of cerebellar neurons.
3. The cerebellum contains more neurons than the cerebrum.
4. Cytoarchitecture (cellular arrangement) is more homogenous in the cerebral cortex than in the
cerebellar cortex.

Answer 16

3

Question 17

How does the indirect pathway unfold?
1. Striatum -> GPi -> STN -> GPe -> Thalamus
2. Striatum -> GPe -> STN -> GPi -> Thalamus
3. Striatum -> STN -> GPi -> GPe -> Thalamus
4. Striatum -> Gpe -> Gpi -> STN -> Thalamus

Answer 17

2

Question 18

Which statement about the Cerebellum is True:
1. It has a similar anatomy as the Cortex, with different parts of the cerebral neocortex having a
different amount of layers
2. Its main function in motor control is the relaying of feedback back to the cortex
3. According to the Dysemtria of Thought Hypothesis it plays a key role in motor, cognitive
AND Emotional Processing
4. Damage to the cerebellum can lead to Dysmetria of thought, which is also called motor-Ataxia

Answer 18

3

Question 19

What is NOT true about Tourettes:
1. Coprolalia and Copropraxia are the most common symptoms of Tourettes syndrome 2. A Dysfunction of the Cortico-striato-thalamo circuits is thought to play a key role 3. The Dopaminergic system is compromised in Tourettes
4. The symptoms often subside in late adolscence

Answer 19

1

Question 20

Activity in which brain regions is strongly associated with spontaneous swearing?
1. Pineal Gland
2. Left hemisphere and the basal ganglia
3. Cerebellum and the limbic system
4. Right hemisphere and the limbic system

Answer 20

4

Question 21

What is NOT true about EEG?
1. International 10-20 system is used to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes during
EEG studies.
2. EEG has poor temporal resolution and good spatial resolution.
3. Eye movements, muscle activity, heartbeat, sweating are biological artefacts of EEG.
4. Brain waves are distinguished on the basis of frequency.

Answer 21

2

Question 22

Which sleep stage is also referred to as “slow-wave sleep” (SWS) and characterized by a high percentage of delta waves?
1. N1
2. N2
3. N3
4. REM

Answer 22

3

Question 23

What are the symptoms of REM-parasomnia?
1. Nightmare disorder, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis.
2. Wake-like EEG activity, inhibition of muscle tone, vivid dreams.
3. Loud snoring, noisy breathing, repeated periods of breathing interruption.
4. Problems falling asleep, waking up and lying awake in the night.

Answer 23

1

Question 24

What are the suggested mechanisms/models due to which Psilocybin alters consciousness states ?
1. the Resting State Functional Connectivity (RSFC) of the DMN (Default Network Model) gets
strengthened, that leads to new possible neuronal connections
2. neuroplasticity increases, because of the ongoing metabolic action on 5HTR3a serotonin
receptors
3. BDNF decreases and that is how new synaptic connections evolve
4. prior beliefs about “the self” are weakened, because of changes in the Functional
Connectivity of the DMN (Default Mode Network)

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Which clinical condition is considered particularly amenable to treatment with psilocybin?
1. Depression
2. Alzheimer
3. Parkinson
4. Schizophrenia

Answer 25

1

Question 26

Which is NOT a type of Neuroplasticity?
1. Homologous area adaptation
2. Cross-modal reassignment
3. Sensory Substitution Modality
4. Compensatory masquerade

Answer 26

3

Question 27

Which assertion best encapsulates the “neuromatrix of pain” hypothesis?
1. Pain perception induces remodelling of nociceptive pathways via synaptogenesis.
2. A painful stimulus is whatever you make of it.
3. The Neuromatrix 2 was painful, but less so than The Neuromatrix Reloaded.
4. Our body image is a subjective and malleable experience constructed by a series of patterns in a widely distributed network.

Answer 27

4

Question 28

Which is true about the development of time perception in infants & children?
1. Children’s explicit time judgment ability is related to the maturation of the parasympathetic
system.
2. At the age of 7, children can make both implicit and explicit time judgments.
3. All circadian rhythms emerge immediately after birth.
4. Infants discriminate changes in duration in absolute values.

Answer 28

2

Question 29

Which of the following brain structures was/were shown to play a pivotal role in implicit timing?
1. Cerebellum
2. Basal ganglia
3. Medulla
4. Amygdala

Answer 29

1