Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Emergent Properties

A

a characteristic something/someone gains when it becomes part of a bigger system. ( help them better adapt to their environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell theory

A

The theory states that all living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 themes of biology?

A
  1. Evolution, 2. Organization, 3. Information, 4. Interactions, 5. Energy matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cells

A

The smallest working organism that can live on their own and make up EVERY living organism and tissues of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the biological levels of organization of living things? (simplest to complex)

A

sub atomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

A

Cells that are found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea. They also lack a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an Eukaryotic cell?

A

Are all other forms of life. Like plants, animals, humans etc. They also have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

They both use DNA as the information storage molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure found inside of a cell. Which contains one long strand of DNA with hundreds of thousands of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a gene?

A

The units of inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a double helix?

A

A DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Chemical building blocks for DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 letters of a nucleotide?

A

A,T,C,G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does a protein do?

A

They are large, complex molecules that do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the building blocks to make proteins?

A

Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a genome?

A

It is the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a proteome?

A

The complete set of proteins made by an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Producers?

A

They produce/ make energy (Ex: Plants that make their own food through. sunlight, air, and water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Consumers?

A

Organisms that depend on producers or other consumers (animals) for food/ energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common form of regulation in living organisms?

A

Negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Negative feedback?

A

the product of a something leads to a decrease in that something.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Feedback regulation?

A

Controls the amount in which you get back/out of. (more/less/the same amount)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Where the end product speeds up it’s own production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Diversity?

A

A difference between 2 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Unity?

A

Having shared traits between 2 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 groups of life forms?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of cells are in the Bacteria and Archaea groups/domains?

A

Single cells organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What 4 sub groups/kingdoms are in the Eukarya domain?

A

Plantae kingdom, fungi kingdom, animalia kingdom, protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Natural selection?

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Inductive reasoning?

A

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. (Specific observations lead to General conclusions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Deductive reasoning?

A

a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results (General theories lead to specific conclusions) Ex: Sherlock Holmes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A testable explanation guided by inductive reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a Variable?

A

A factor that varies in an experiment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an Independent variable?

A

a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a Dependent variable?

A

something that depends on other factors. And is affected by other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a theory?

A

a carefully thought-out explanation using the scientific method,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a control variable?

A

the variable that is held constant or is controlled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

On a graph. how do you graph the Independent variables?

A

On the x-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

On a graph. how to you graph the Dependent variables?

A

on the y-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the Placebo effect?

A

placebo is anything that seems to be a “real” but isn’t. Making people think they are taking something when they really are taking something different. (Ex: drinking none caffeinated coffee and thinking it is caffeinated but it isn’t)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is Statistical significance?

A

confidence that our data is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

Variables that go in the same direction (both increase on the x and y axis) (dots go up in a line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

Variables that go in opposite directions(x axis increases and y axis decreases) (dots go down in a line)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Order, 2. Regulation/homeostasis, 3. Evolutionary adaption, 4. Energy processing, 5. Growth and Development, 6. Response to the environment, 7. Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many characteristic does one thing need to be classified “alive”?

A

ALL 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter an object contains (protons, neutrons, electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains property of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are atoms made up of?

A

Sub atomic particles (protons), (neutrons), (electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a proton?

A

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is a Neutron?

A

A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is an Electron?

A

A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge, One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How much do protons, and neutrons weigh?

A

1 Dalton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How much does an electron weigh?

A

It’s irrelevant (1/2000 Dalton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the Dalton measurement?

A

The measurement for atoms and sub atomic particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How do we define atoms?

A

By the number of protons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How many protons and electrons are in a neutral charged atom?

A

The exact same amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is a mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How do you find out the amount of neutrons in an atom?

A

It’s the Mass # minus the Atomic #

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is an atomic mass?

A

The amount of matter contained in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom that has the same amount protons but different amounts of neutrons, which also differs in atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does an isotope have a tendency of doing?

A

Losing sub atomic particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

An isotope that the nucleus decays randomly, giving off energy and particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy that can be used to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does matter have the natural tendency to do?

A

Move towards the lowest possible state of potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

regions surrounding the atomic nucleus containing a specific number of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the names of the 3 electron shells of an atom?

A

1st, 2nd, 3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Which shells electrons have to most potential energy (say from highest to lowest)?

A

3rd, 2nd, 1st

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What happens if an electron absorbs energy?

A

It moves to a shell farther out from the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

A

The amount of electrons distributed to the atoms shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

How many electrons can hang out in the 1st shell?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

How many electrons can the 2nd shell of an atom hold?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons that hangout on the outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

The outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What happens if a valence shell is unreactive?

A

It will not react with other atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are the 6 types of energy?

A

Thermal, chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant, nuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What does tomos mean? And come from?

A

to cut, Latin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What does Atomos come from? And mean?

A

Latin, cannot cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is a Chemical bond?

A

An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What constitutes a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is a single bond?

A

A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is a double bond?

A

A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. (single bond times 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is a valence?

A

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

what attracts the atoms to form a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

when atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Which atom is negative in a polar covalent bond?

A

The atom with the bigger electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Which atom is positive in a polar covalent bond?

A

The atom with the lesser electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is an Ion?

A

an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative electric charge of + 1 or -1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is a Cation?

A

A positive charged Ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is an Anion?

A

A negative charged Ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. (when a cation ion and an anion ion attract to each other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What is the Van Der Waals interactions?

A

A weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

A bond between 2 polar molecules (it’s a weak bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What are molecules?

A

2 or more atoms held by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What are compound molecules?

A

made up of one or more different elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What is the difference between atoms if they are called by a different name?

A

The number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What is the difference between atoms if they have the same name BUT have a different atomic numbers?

A

The number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What is the difference between atoms that have different charges?

A

The number of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

How does carbon obtain a full valence shell?

A

By forming covalent bonds

106
Q

What is a valence of an atom?

A

The number covalent bonds it can form

107
Q

How many covalent bonds can an atom form?

A

Depends on the amount of electrons they are missing

108
Q

What differences/forms can a carbon use to form a lot of molecules?

A

Length, Branching, Shape, Bonding with other atoms, Isomers, functional groups

109
Q

What is saturated carbon?

A

Where carbons are covered/surrounded all the way around by another molecule/element (look at 01/25/23 notes for a picture)

110
Q

What is unsaturated carbon?

A

Where the carbon isn’t completely covered or surrounded. (there are gaps) (see notes 01/25/23 for a picture)

111
Q

What are isomers?

A

They are made up of the same atoms. BUT have a different structure

112
Q

What are the different Isomers?

A

Structural Isomers, Geometric Isomers (those have cis isomers, & Trans Isomers), & Enantiomers (those have L Isomer & D Isomer)

113
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

They have the same atoms/elements but their structure is different. (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

114
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

Same atoms but are arranged differently in a double bond (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

115
Q

What is a CIs isomer in a geometric isomer?

A

Atoms that are on the same side (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

116
Q

What is Trans isomer in a geometric isomer?

A

Atoms are on the opposite side (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

117
Q

What are Enantiomer?

A

Differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon) results in mirror images (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

118
Q

What is a L isomer in a Enantiomer?

A

The left mirror image of an Enantiomer (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

119
Q

What is a D isomer in a Enantiomer?

A

The right mirror image of an Enantiomer (look at 01/25/23 for pic)

120
Q

What are the functional groups and their symbols?

A

Hydroxyl (-OH), Methyl (CH3), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (R-COOH), Amino(N-H-H), Sulfhydryl (SH), Phosphate(-OPO)

121
Q

What are acids

A

They are proton donors

122
Q

What is an Ionized group?

A

Groups that are negative in charge that can form ionic bonds with a positive charged group

123
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.

124
Q

What are some examples of macromolecuels?

A

Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids

125
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

126
Q

What is a monomer?

A

building block of a polymer

127
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction. And is almost always a protein

128
Q

What are most enzymes?

A

They are proteins

129
Q

What is a condension reaction?

A

a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule.

130
Q

What is dehydration reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. (same thing as condensation reaction but lose a water molecule)

131
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Adds a water molecule to a polymer chain which breaks a bond (between the polymer and monomer)

132
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

Binds a sugar group (a carb) to another group

133
Q

What must happen to Disaccharides or polysaccharides in order for cells to use them for energy?

A

get broken down to monosaccharides

134
Q

What is a starch in a plant?

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, joined by glycosidic linkages.

135
Q

What is a glycogen?

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

136
Q

What do organisms use to build strong materials?

A

structural polysaccharides

137
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls

138
Q

What is chitin?

A

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of glucose monomers

139
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Any of a group of large biological molecules that are hydrophobic.

140
Q

What is fat?

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids

141
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain ( the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat.)

142
Q

What reaction is used to bind fats and fatty acids?

A

Dehydration reactions

143
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds

144
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

145
Q

What are trans fats?

A

An unsaturated fat, formed during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.

146
Q

What is the major function of fats?

A

energy storage

147
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to rather than three.

148
Q

What is a steroid?

A

A type of lipid consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.

149
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes

150
Q

What are polypeptides made out of?

A

many amino acids

151
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

The bond between 2 amino acids

152
Q

What groups are amino acids made of?

A

they are made of a carboxyl group and an amino group.

153
Q

Amino acids are monomers for what polymer?

A

Polypeptides

154
Q

What type of bond is used for amino acids?

A

By dehydration bonds

155
Q

What is the primary structure in a protein?

A

the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain.

156
Q

What is the secondary structure in a protein?

A

Folded or coiled polypeptides

157
Q

What is the tertiary structure in a protein?

A

the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain

158
Q

What is the quaternary structure in a protein?

A

when two or more polypeptide chains join together

159
Q

What is denaturation?

A

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions

160
Q

What are nucleic acids mad of?

A

nucleotides.

161
Q

How do nucleic acids benefit proteins?

A

They carry their genetic info (their blueprint)

162
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

163
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

a purine or a pyrimidine, deoxyribose or ribose, and a phosphate group

164
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

has one six-membered ring of cytosine, thymine, and uracil

165
Q

What elements does pyrimidine have?

A

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

166
Q

What are purines?

A

a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

167
Q

What DNA bases do purines have?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

168
Q

What is the function for the hydroxyl group?

A

It is polar

169
Q

What is the function for the Methyl group?

A

Non-polar

170
Q

What is the function for the carbonyl group?

A

It is polar

171
Q

What is the function for the carboxyl group?

A

It is acid

172
Q

What is the function for the amino group?

A

It is a base

173
Q

What is the function for the phosphate group?

A

Acid

174
Q

What is the function for the Sulfhydryl group?

A

non-polar

175
Q

How can you determine the valence of an electron?

A

the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell.

176
Q

How many electrons can be on the outermost valence shell?

A

8

177
Q

Draw the hydroxyl group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

178
Q

Draw the methyl group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

179
Q

Draw the carbonyl group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

180
Q

Draw the carboxyl group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

181
Q

Draw the amino group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

182
Q

Draw the phosphate group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

183
Q

Draw the sulfhydryl group

A

DRAW ON PAPER

184
Q

What are the 7 simple sugars called?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose

185
Q

How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does triose have?

A

C = 3, H= 6, O = 3

186
Q

How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does tetrose have?

A

C = 4, H= 8, O = 4

187
Q

How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does pentose have?

A

C = 5, H= 10, O = 5

188
Q

How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does hexose have?

A

C = 6, H= 12, O = 6

189
Q

How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does heptose have?

A

C = 7, H= 14, O = 7

190
Q

What do the points mean in a ring form (that aren’t marked with other elements)?

A

they are carbons or another element of the molecule

191
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

Linkage that joins 2 monosaccharides together

192
Q

What is the role of a disaccharide?

A

Energy source of plants

193
Q

What are the roles of polysaccharides?

A

Storage and structure

194
Q

What linkage holds two storage polysaccharides together?

A

glycosidic linkage

195
Q

What linkage holds two polysaccharides together?

A

glycosidic linkage

196
Q

What are the types of storage polysaccharides?

A

Amylose, Amylopectin, starches, glycogen

197
Q

Whare are amyloses?

A

Unbranched polymers (a straight chain/line), 20% of plant starch, insoluble in water, forms gel when heated

198
Q

What are amylopectin?

A

Branched polymers (branches every 20-30 units), (80% of plant starch), soluble in water, easily digested

199
Q

What are starches?

A

a substance produced by plants, stored in amyloplasts, hydrolyzed to monomers when energy is needed

200
Q

What are glycogen?

A

Extensively branched polymer (branches every 8-10 units), Produced by animals , Stored in the liver and in muscle cells, hydrolyzed to monomers when energy is needed, Easy to digest, Provides immediate energy

201
Q

What is the role of structural polysaccharides?

A

To form structures that protect the cell or organism (usually in a straight line)

202
Q

What are the types of structural polysaccharides?

A

Chitin, Cellulose

203
Q

What are chitins?

A

A straight line structural polysaccharide that has an extra extension.

204
Q

What are chitins used for?

A

Insects

205
Q

What are proteins?

A

Straight line of amino acids chains formed by peptide linkage

206
Q

What links proteins together?

A

Peptide linkage

207
Q

How does an amino acid look? (describe it) Where is the main chain, and which groups are on which side?

A

Main chain N-C-C, amino acid group on the left side, and an acidic (carboxyl) group on the right side, and the side group is on top

208
Q

What are the 4 side chains?

A

polar, non-polar, acidic, basic

209
Q

What determines if a side chain is non-polar?

A

(made up of mostly carbons & hydrogens)

210
Q

What determines if a side chain is polar?

A

(made up of mostly oxygens & hydrogens)

211
Q

What determines if a side chain is acidic?

A

(made up of mostly carbons, oxygens & hydrogens)

212
Q

What determines if a side chain is basic?

A

(made up of mostly nitrogen)

213
Q

when the molecules/atoms are on the bottom of a ring. What linkage is that?

A

Alpha linkage

214
Q

when the molecules/atoms are on the top of a ring. What linkage is that?

A

Beta linkage

215
Q

What groups of molecules use dehydration reaction?

A

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids

216
Q

what is the amino terminus? and what is the abbreviation for it?

A

The far left end of an amino acid, and the N-terminus

217
Q

What is the carboxy terminus? and what is the abbreviation for it?

A

The far right end of an amino acid, and the C-terminus

218
Q

How does an amino acid grow?

A

from left to right N-terminus to C-terminus

219
Q

How are new amino acids added?

A

They are added to the C-terminus

220
Q

What are the 8 roles of proteins?

A

enzymatic, storage, hormonal, contractile/motor, defensive, transport, receptor, structural

221
Q

What do Enzymatic proteins do?

A

A catalyst that speeds up the reaction process

222
Q

What do storage proteins do?

A

Storage of amino acids

223
Q

What do hormonal proteins do?

A

Coordination/Regulation of an organisms activities

224
Q

What do contractile/motor proteins do?

A

Movement of the body

225
Q

What do defensive proteins do?

A

Protect against diseases

226
Q

What do transport proteins do?

A

Transport of substances in our body

227
Q

What do receptor proteins do?

A

Communication with other cells

228
Q

What do structural proteins do?

A

Support/structure of cells

229
Q

What makes proteins different from others?

A

The side chains of amino acids

230
Q

what are Nucleic acids made of? And what linkage links them together?

A

nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkage

231
Q

What is at the core of every nucleotide?

A

a sugar molecule (pentose)

232
Q

What are the nitrogen bases used in a nucleotide?

A

A,T,G,C

233
Q

How many OH does deoxyribose & ribose have?

A

deoxyribose- 1, ribose- 2

234
Q

What is phosphodiester linkage?

A

Linkage between nucleic acids

235
Q

Where does phosphodiester linkage link to?

A

prime carbon #3 and prime carbon#5

236
Q

What do you do to differentiate the numbering of one nucleic acid molecule from the other?

A

You use prime numbering

237
Q

How do you number the molecules in a nucleic acid? And what elements should we only count?

A

Start with the far right molecule and the top right element. Start your counting with 1 then go around clockwise (right to left) of that molecule until every point is numbered. Then go to the next molecule to the left and do the exact same thing. (only count carbons and hydrogens or the points)

238
Q

Where are new bases added in a nucleic acid?

A

always are added to the #3 prime

239
Q

How do nucleic acids grow? (use the prime #’s)

A

from #5 prime to #3 prime

240
Q

What nitrogen bases form to each other?

A

A to T, C to G, U to A

241
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form when A forms to T?

A

2

242
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form when C forms to G?

A

3

243
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

A, U, G, C

244
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

A, G, T, C

245
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single strand able to base pair within itself and can form unique shapes

246
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

Carries code for proteins

247
Q

What is the role of rRNA and other types of RNAs?

A

Structural

248
Q

What is the sequence in which we get proteins?

A

DNA is TRANSCRIBED to mRNA then mRNA is TRANSLATED to an amino acid chain and then the amino acid chain FOLDS in proteins

249
Q

What are lipids?

A

Large molecules that ARE NOT macromolecules and are hydrophobic

250
Q

What do lipids consist of?

A

Consist of non-polar hydrocarbons

251
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triacylglycerol (fat), Phospholipids, Steroid hormones

252
Q

What is the differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats have single bonds between carbons, and are solid in room temperature.
Unsaturated fats have double bonds between carbons, and are liquid at room temperature

253
Q

What do phospholipids consist of?

A

glycerol and 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

254
Q

What is polar in phospholipid? And what makes it polar?

A

The head of a phospholipid is polar. Alcohol modifiers make it polar

255
Q

What reaction happens when a fatty acid and a glycerol are joined together?

A

A dehydration reaction

256
Q

What are the roles of a triacylglycerol?

A

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs

257
Q

What are the roles of a phospholipid?

A

Major constituent of cell membranes

258
Q

What are the roles of steroid hormones?

A

Growth
Development
Energy metabolism
Homeostasis
reproduction

259
Q

What links nucleic acids together?

A

phosphodiester linkage

260
Q

How do nucleic acids grow?

A

From prime #5 to prime #3

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions