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Biology > BIOLOGY UVU EXAM 2 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY UVU EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of descendants does Archaeplastids contain?

A

cyanobacteria with chloroplasts

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2
Q

What are glaucophytes and where are they found?

A

a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments

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3
Q

What time period were glaucophytes most common? and are they common today?

A

the Proterozoic period and no they are less common

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4
Q

What are Virdiplantae?

A

Includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms

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5
Q

What are Charophytes closest relatives?

A

green algae

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6
Q

What durable layer does Charophytes have? and what does the durable layer do?

A

sporopollein which prevents zygotes from drying out

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7
Q

What traits do land plants include?

A
  • Chlorophyll A and B
    • Cellulose
  • Structure of flagellated sperm
  • Formation of sporopollenin
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8
Q

What are some derived traits that plants have?

A
  • Protection from desiccation (cuticle)
    • Protection from predators (secondary compounds)
  • Transport of water, minerals and nutrients by xylem (tracheid) and phloem (plumbing)
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9
Q

What are 4 key traits that are in all land plants but not in charophytes?

A
  • Alternation of generations (with multicellular dependent embryos)
    • Walled spores produced in sporangia
    • Multicellular gametangia
  • Apical meristems
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10
Q

What reproductive cycle do plants use?

A

alteration of generation (sporic)

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11
Q

Are the gametophytes haploid or diploid in plants? And what does it produce? And by what process?

A

it is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

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12
Q

Are the sporophytes haploid or diploid in plants? And what does it produce? And by what process?

A

it is diploid, and produces haploid spores by meiosis

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13
Q

When the fusion of the haploid gametes happens what does it create?

A

the diploid sporophyte

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14
Q

What are land plants called in the science world? and why?

A

they are called embryophytes bc of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

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15
Q

how can you tell if a plant is ancestral or vascular?

A

ancestral = gametophyte is mostly visible

vascular = gametophyte is barely visible

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16
Q

What are the haploid spores called that sporophytes produce?

A

sporangia

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17
Q

What are the diploid cells called that sporangia produce?

A

sporocysts

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18
Q

When sporocysts undergo meiosis what are the haploid spores that are produced called?

A

sporewalls

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19
Q

What do sporewalls contain? and why are they important?

A

sporopollenin which makes them resistan to harsh environments

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20
Q

After the haploid gametes fuse from the gametophyte, what is the process the sporophyte goes through?

A

The sporophyte produces spores called sporangia
Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
Sporewalls contain sporopollenin which makes them resistan to harsh environments

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21
Q

What are produced within gametangia?

A

Gametes are produced within the walls called gametangia

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22
Q

What are female gametangia called? And what do they produce?

A

archegonia produce eggs and are the site of fertilization

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23
Q

What are male gametangia called?

A

antheridia are the site of sperm production and release

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24
Q

What happens in the apical meristem?

A
  • Where Plants sustain their growth
  • Cells from this differentiate into various tissues
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25
Q

How many years ago were plants on the land?

A

475 million years ago

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26
Q

What are non vascular plants called?

A

bryophytes

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27
Q

What are the two clades that seedless plants can be divided into?

A
  • Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives)
  • Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)
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28
Q

What group are seedless vascular plants in? (para, poly, mono)

A

Paraphyletic

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29
Q

What parts of the plant are missing from nonvascular that are in vascular plants?

A

Nonvascular = no xylem or phloem

Vascular = they have xylem and phloem

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30
Q

What is a seed (in science terms)?

A

An embryo nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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31
Q

What are gymnosperms (the definition)?

A

(the naked seed plants including conifers)

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32
Q

What are Angiosperms (the definition)?

A

(the vessel seed plants are the flowering plants)

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33
Q

What are the 3 phyla for Bryophytes

A
  • Liverworts (phylum hepatophyta)
    • Hornworts ( phylum anthocerophyta)
  • Mosses (phylum broyphyta)
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34
Q

What are bryrohytes and what do they contain?

A

Are non-photosynthetic eukaryotic autotrophs that have a cellulose cell wall and chlorophylls a and b

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35
Q

Mature gametophytes produces what from the______? And where does the product go to?

A

produces flagellated sperm in the antheridia and the sperm swims to the egg (archegonium)

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36
Q

What do rhizoids do?

A

Anchor gametophytes to substrate

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37
Q

Fossils of vascular plants are how old?

A

420 million years old

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38
Q

What are living vascular plants characterized by?

A
  • Life cycles with dominate sporophytes separate from the gametophyte, along with flagellated sperm
    • Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
  • Well-developed roots, not rhizoids (400 mill years ago in lycopod fossils) and leaves. No seeds
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39
Q

What was the first vascular plant?

A

Cooksonia

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40
Q

What is larger in seedless vascular plants the gametophyte or the sporophyte?

A

sporophyte

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41
Q

How many types of spores does homosporous produce?

A

one type

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42
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue in vascular plants? What kind of nutrients do they move around? and it what direction?

A
  • Xylem (conducts most of the water and minerals includes dead cells called tracheids) goes up
  • Phloem (consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic product) goes down
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43
Q

What do water conducing cells do for vascular plants?

A

Water conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support

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44
Q

What are roots?

A

organs that anchor vascular plants

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45
Q

What are leaves (scientific)?

A

Leaves are organs that increase surface area of vascular plants that capture more solar energy for photosynthesis

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46
Q

How are leaves characterized into groups?

A
  • Micophylls (leaves with a single vein)
  • Megaphylls (leaves with a highly branched vascular system)
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47
Q

What are Sporophylls?

A

Modified leaves with sporangia

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48
Q

What are Sori?

A

Clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls

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49
Q

What are Strobili?

A

Are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

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50
Q

What are most vascular plants (homosporous or heterosporous)? and what does the spore it develop into?

A

homosporous which produce one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte

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51
Q

What are all seed plants (homosporous or heterosporous?

A

heterosporous

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52
Q

How does Heterosporous work?

A

Heterosporous species produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

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53
Q

What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants? What kind of organisms (plants and stuff) do they include in each phyla? And what do they have?

A
  • Phylum lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quilworms
    • Phylum pterophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
  • All of the above (including the bryophytes) have flagellated sperm
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54
Q

What are seeds (scientific)?

A

Consists of asporophytic embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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55
Q

What characteristics are common in all seed plants?

A
  • Reduced gametophytes
    • Heterospory
    • Ovules
  • Pollen
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56
Q

What are the two clades that living seed plants can be classified in?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

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57
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

They are in the fossil record (so really old) and they are better suited for non vascular plants

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58
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

They are just the evolved version of the gymnosperm

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59
Q

Were the ancestors of seed plants homosporous or heterosporous?

A

homosporous

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60
Q

Are seed plants today homosporous or heterosporous?

A

heterosporous

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61
Q

What does microsporangia produce?

A

Microspores

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62
Q

What do microspores give rise to/produce?

A

male gametophytes (pollen)

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63
Q

What do ovules consist of?

A

megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

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64
Q

How many integuments do gymnosperms have?

A

one

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65
Q

How many integuments do angiosperms have?

A

two

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66
Q

Where does a seed develop?

A

from the whole ovule

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67
Q

A seed has evolutionary advantages over what?

A

Spores

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68
Q

How are seeds transported?

A

By wind, animals, and water

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69
Q

What kind of seed do gymnosperms have?

A

a naked seed not enclosed by ovaries

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70
Q

What are the 4 phyla that classify gymnosperms?

A
  • Cycadophyta (cycads)
    • Ginkgophyta (one living species: ginkgo biloba)
    • Gnetophyta (three genera: gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
  • Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)
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71
Q

What was the plant called in the late Devonian period?

A

PROGYMNOSPERMS

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72
Q

What did PROGYMNOSPERMS acquire during the late Devonian time period?

A

Some adaptations that characterize seed plants today

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73
Q

Were PROGYMNOSPERMS homosporous or heterosporous?

A

Some species were homosporous and some were heterosporous

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74
Q

Classify
Cycadophyta the phyla for gymnosperms

A
  • Have large cones and ovulate on separate plants (are heterosporous)
    • They thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today, (dinosaur food)
  • Their sperm is multiflagellated, and some actually have insects such as beetles help pollinate them (they eat pollen). So in this way they are like angiosperms
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75
Q

Classify Ginkgophyta the phyla for gymnosperms

A
  • Has high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree, tracheid, ovules and microsporangia on separate plants
    • Sperm is multiflagellated
  • The fleshy seed coat has a vile order from butanoic and hexanoic acids. Fatty acids found in rancid butter and Romano cheese
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76
Q

Classify
Gnetophyta the phyla for gymnosperms

A
  • Species vary in appearance some live in tropical areas and some in the deserts
    • Tracheid and vessel elements, no motile sperm, ovulate and microsporangia cones on separate plants, EPHEDRA HAS DOUBLE FERTILIZATION LIKE ANGIOSPERM, BUT PRODUCES EXTRA EMBRYOS INSTEAD OF 3n ENDOSPERM
  • Three genera
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77
Q

Classify Coniferophyta the phyla for gymnosperms

A
  • The largest phylum between the 4 the gymnosperm phyla
  • ## can do photosynthesis year round, no motile sperm, have tracheids (plumbing) and have microsporangia cones
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78
Q

How do pine trees disperse their seeds?

A

By using the wind to blow their seeds around

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79
Q

What are cones on pine trees in the phyla Coniferophyta?

A

They are modified leaves

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80
Q

What is a fruit and what does it consist of?

A

It is the ovary that consists of a mature ovary but also includes other flower plants

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81
Q

What do fruits protect?

A

seeds

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82
Q

How do fruits help out seeds? (besides from protecting them)

A

Help with their dispersal (helping them disperse out and all that fun stuff)

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83
Q

What are seeds? (scientific terms)

A

Are the ovules that can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations

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84
Q

What does frugivorous mean?

A

They are fruit eating animals

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85
Q

What adaptations have seeds obtained?

A

They are resistant to digestive enzymes, resist low PH levels, need disruption to germinate

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86
Q

What kinds of things need to happen so that the seeds that need disruption to germinate can germinate?

A

get acid or enzyme action on them or scarification (scratching of the seed

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87
Q

What do seeds need to be safe while going down the digestive tract?

A

they need seed coats

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88
Q

What will attract animal dispersers easily?

A

nectar and brightly colored reproductive parts

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89
Q

What kind of membranes do most mammals have?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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90
Q

What are skin and mucous membranes sensitive to?

A

Phenolic secretions of plants like poison ivy and oak

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91
Q

What other parts/things on a plant attract mammals?

A

colors and patterns, flower structures, odors, nectar

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92
Q

What are some parts/things on a plant that protect/defend plants?

A

anatomic structures, sticky traps, chemical compounds

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93
Q

What are anatomical structures on a plant?

A

(plants have spines, spikes and thorns that deter predators)

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94
Q

What are chemical compounds on a plant?

A

plants synthesize chemicals that doesn’t let animals eat them)

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95
Q

Where does the female gametophyte (embryo or sac) develop in a plant?

A

the ovule

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96
Q

When does double fertilization occur?

A
  • Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
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97
Q

What is double fertilization unique to?

A

angiosperms

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98
Q

What happens in double fertilization?

A

one of the sperm fertilizes the egg while the other combines with 2 nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte

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99
Q

What does double fertilization initiate?

A

development of food-storing endosperm

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100
Q

What does the endosperm do with the developing embryo?

A

It nourishes it

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101
Q

What do orchids have and do that not all flowers have?

A

they have extensive endosperm reserves, and have the smallest seeds of any angiosperm and germinate quickly after being released from the ovary (the seeds)

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102
Q

The embryo in a seed consists of what?

A

A root and 3 seed leaves

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103
Q

What are the 3 seed leaves called that are in a seed?

A

cotyledons

104
Q

How old are the primitive fossils of angiosperm?

A

122.6-125.8 million years old

105
Q

What do the primitive fossils of angiosperm have that make them so special?

A

have derived and primitive traits

106
Q

What is an example of a primitive trait in the primitive fossils of angiosperm? And what is the name?

A

Archaefructus sinensis (one of the fossils) has anthers and seeds but lacks petals and sepals

107
Q

How old is the oldest known angiosperm (flower) fossil? And where was it found? And what time period?

A

162 million years ago (the Jurassic period) found in china

108
Q

In the lifecycle of a pine what is the pine considered? and what does it produce?

A

a sporophyte and it produces male and female cones

109
Q

What do male cones produce?

A

microspores called pollen grains

110
Q

What do the microspores contain?

A

male gametophyte which disperse in the wind

111
Q

What do larger cones contain?

A

they contain ovules

112
Q

What do the ovules on the large cone produce?

A

megaspores

113
Q

What do megaspores develop into?

A

female gametophytes

114
Q

How long does it take the cone production to produce a seed?

A

3 years

115
Q

How do cones produce seeds?

A

Male cones release pollen grains that require wind to reach a female cone

The female cone have ovules on the scales and they produce seeds when fertilized by the pollen

116
Q

What are angiosperm?

A

vessel seeds

117
Q

What are the reproductive structures on angiosperms called? And are the widespread and diverse?

A

flowers and fruit and YES THEY ARE

118
Q

What phylum are angiosperms classified under?

A

the phylum Anthophyta

119
Q

What is the flower structure on an angiosperm specialized for?

A

For sexual reproduction

120
Q

What 4 types of modified leaves does a flower have?

A

sepals
petals
stamen
carpels

121
Q

What are sepals/what do they do?

A

enclose the flower

122
Q

What are petals/what do they do?

A

attract pollinators

123
Q

What are stamen/what do they do?

A

produce pollen on the anther

124
Q

What are carpals/what do they do?

A

produce ovules

125
Q

what are the different parts of the carpel?

A

an ovary at the base and style leading up to the top a stigma where pollen is received (do the label the flower exercise for more help

126
Q

what did the ancestors of seedless vascular plants form?

A

formed the first forests

127
Q

What time period did the ancestors of seedless vascular plants form the forests?

A

Devonian and carboniferous periods

128
Q

What is the proper scientific term for forests when there are no true wood plants?

A

Mats

129
Q

What happened to the decaying ancestorial seedless vascular plants?

A

they all became coal

130
Q

What are the two main groups of angiosperms?

A

Eudicots and dicots

131
Q

What are basal angiosperms?

A

they have 3 small lineages that define the basal angiosperms

132
Q

What organisms are in the 3 lineages of basal angiosperms?

A

amborella trichopoda, water lilies and star anise

133
Q

What group of angiosperms makes up 2/3 of angiosperms?

A

Eudicots

134
Q

What do dicots evolve to? and What do monocots evolve to?

A

dicots evolve to eudicots and monocots evolve to dicots

135
Q

What are magnoliids closely related to?

A

to monocots and eudicots

136
Q

What group of angiosperms makes up 1/4 of angiosperms?

A

monocots

137
Q

What makes self-closing sea grass so special?

A

It has been cloning itself for 4,500 years. This makes the plant the largest living organism

138
Q

What is Utah’s Pando?

A

is a colony of 40,000 aspen trees are connected by their roots.

139
Q

What do plants have that multicellular animals also have?

A

they have organs composed of different tissues which are composed of different cells

140
Q

What systems are plant organs organized into?

A

A shoot system and a root system

141
Q

What are the 3 basic organs that are in the shoot and root systems?

A

roots, leaves, stems

142
Q

What are the three different types of roots?

A

taproots, adventitious, fibrous

143
Q

What are taproots?

A

(system consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots or branched roots) (California poppy and blazing star use this)

144
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

( arise from stems or leaves) (ferns use this)

145
Q

What are fibrous roots?

A

(characterized by thin lateral roots with no main root) (seedless vascular plants and monocots and grasses have this)

146
Q

Where does water absorption and minerals occur?

A

near root hairs

147
Q

What do roots rely on? and from what system?

A

on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system

148
Q

What do shoots rely on? and from what system?

A

on water and minerals absorbed by the root system

149
Q

What kinds of organs does a stem consist of?

A

An alternating system of nodes

Internodes

150
Q

What are Internodes?

A

the points at which leaves are attached

151
Q

What are An alternating system of nodes?

A

the points at which leaves are attached

152
Q

What direction do axillary buds form? And what do they form?

A

they form laterally and form lateral shoots and branches

153
Q

How do apical buds from? And what do they form?

A

it forms up and down and they do not form anything new but helps a young shoot grow up and down

154
Q

How does apical dominance work?

A

The top apical buds is where growth occurs vertically unless the apical bud is cut off which then causes the axillary buds to promote lateral growth.

155
Q

What does apical dominance help?

A

maintain dormancy is most non apical buds

156
Q

What do leaves consist of?

A

a flattened blade and a stalk called the periole which joins the leaf to a node of a stem

157
Q

What is a leaf? (scientific terms)

A

The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

158
Q

How can you tell the difference between a monocot leaf and a Eudicot leaf?

A

Monocot
- have parallel leaves veins

Eudicot
- have netted or reticulate veins

159
Q

What do Eudicot and monocot leaves have that are similar? And what do they form

A

dermal, vascular and ground tissues. And each of those forms a tissue system

160
Q

What does the dermal tissue system consist of in a nonwoody dicot?

A

an epidermis

161
Q

What prevents water loss from the epidermis? And what is it made of?

A

the cuticle which is a waxy coating

162
Q

What are the protective tissues that replace the epidermis in woody dicots?

A

the periderm

163
Q

Where are the 3 tissue systems located in/on a plant?

A

Vascular (the inner most tissue), Then the ground tissue, then the dermal tissue is on the outside

164
Q

What are some characteristics of the plant cell Parenchyma?

A
  • Have thin and flexible primary walls
    • Lack secondary walls
    • Are least specialized
    • Performs the most metabolic functions
    • Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
    • Example the white fleshy parts of an apple or other fruits (elodea cells)
165
Q

What are some characteristics of the plant cell Collenchyma?

A
  • Are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
    • They have thicker and uneven primary cell walls
    • They lack secondary walls
    • These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth for young growing parts of the plant
      Example celery strands
166
Q

What are some characteristics of the plant cell Sclerenchyma ?

A
  • Are ridged because of thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin
    • Fibers (are long and slender and arranged in threads
    • Sclereids (are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. Examples are nutshells and seed coats)
167
Q

What are the two water conducing plant cell?

A

tracheid, vessel elements

168
Q

What are the size of Tracheids and what types of plants are they found in?

A

They are small and long and in ALL vascular plants

169
Q

What are the size of Vessel elements and what are they found in?

A

They are large and wide and found in angiosperms and gymnosperms

170
Q

What are rays? And what direction do they take their organic compounds?

A

They are horizontal rows of parenchyma cells and they take their organic compounds laterally

171
Q

What are sieve-tube elements?

A

They lack organelles but are the sugar transporting cells

172
Q

Are sieve tubes mostly in angiosperms or gymnosperms?

A

Angiosperms

173
Q

What does each sieve-tube element have that makes them special? And what does it do?

A

a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

174
Q

What are sieve plates?

A
  • Are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube
175
Q

What are xylem and phloem dead or alive?

A

Xylem is dead at maturity

Phloem is alive always

176
Q

What are meristems?

A

Are embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth

177
Q

What does Indeterminate growth mean?

A

A plant that can grow through its life

178
Q

What does determinate growth mean?

A

Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

179
Q

What are some characteristics of Annuals (plants)? And some examples

A

Complete their life cycle in a year or less
Examples are wildflowers, garden flowers, vegetables, and weeds

180
Q

What are some characteristics of biennials (plants)? And some examples

A

Require two growing seasons
Examples: Snapdragons

181
Q

What are some characteristics of Perennials (plants)? And some examples

A

Live for many years
Examples are pines and firs

182
Q

Where are apical meristems located and what do they do?

A
  • Are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots
  • They elongate shoots and roots, a process called primary growth
183
Q

What do lateral meristems do?

A

Add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth

184
Q

What are the two types of lateral meristems called?

A

Cambium and the cork cambium

185
Q

What does the vascular cambium do?

A
  • Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (which makes up most of the wood of a tree) and secondary phloem
186
Q

What does the cork cambium do?

A

Replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher

187
Q

What does primary growth produce?

A

produces the primary plant body, the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by the apical meristems. They produce epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

188
Q

How are vascular tissues shaped in Eudicots?

A

they are in bundles in a shape of a ring

189
Q

How are vascular tissues shaped in monocot stems?

A

bundles that are scattered throughout the ground tissue

190
Q

Where does secondary growth occur?

A

It occurs in stems and roots of wood plants

191
Q

What produces secondary growth?

A

the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

192
Q

What groups does secondary growth occur in? (like gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots etc.)

A

gymnosperms, eudicots BUT NO MONOCOTS

193
Q

What happens to secondary xylem as it gets older in tress or woody shrubs?

A

It turns into heartwood which does not transport water and minerals anymore

194
Q

What is sapwood and how does it work?

A

they are Xylem that still transport water minerals and materials

195
Q

What does the periderm consist of?

A

the cork cambium and the cork cells it produces

196
Q

What does bark in a woody plant consist of?

A

ALL the tissues external to the vascular cambium, which includes the secondary phloem and the periderm

197
Q

What do lenticles allow in the periderm?

A

Allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air

198
Q

what does the cork cambium produce?

A

the periderm

199
Q

What is plasticity? What is an example plant?

A

The ability that a plant has to alter itself in response to the environment example is the fanwort

200
Q

Where are soil fungi found?

A

in the soil

201
Q

What stops soil fungi to be found/live in the soil?

A

fungicides or sterilization that has altered the soil

202
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

The symbiotic association between roots and hyphae

203
Q

What is the symbiotic association between roots and hyphae called

A

mycorrhizae

204
Q

What does the mycorrhizae do to help soil fungi?

A

they provide more surface area of absorption of minerals and water

205
Q

How has a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants helped plants?

A

Helped plants colonize the land

206
Q

What is water potential or water activity?

A

is a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure in other words, water movement

207
Q

What does water potential help determine?

A

the amount and direction of movement of water

208
Q

How does water flow?

A

Water flows from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential

209
Q

What makes up the total potential energy of water in a cell?

A

It is the sum of its pressure potential and solute potential. It represents the total potential energy of the water in the cell

210
Q

What is solute potential proportional to?

A

Is proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

211
Q

What is pressure potential?

A

Is the physical pressure on a solution

212
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Is the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast

213
Q

What happens to a flaccid cell (a normal cell) when it is placed in a higher solute concentration?

A

the cell will lose water and undergo plasmolysis

214
Q

What happens to a flaccid cell (a normal cell) when it is placed in a lower solute concentration?

A

the cell will gain water and be turgid

215
Q

What does turgor loss in plants cause?

A

causes wilting in plants

216
Q

How can turgor loss (wilting in plants) be reversed?

A

when the plant is watered

217
Q

How does water and minerals travel thorough the transmembrane route?

A

out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell

218
Q

How does water and minerals travel thorough the symplastic route?

A

via the continuum of cytoplasm (the cytoplasm of neighboring cells is connected by channels called plasmodesmata)

219
Q

How does water and minerals travel thorough the apoplastic route?

A

via the cell walls and extracellular spaces

220
Q

Root hairs account for what in roots?

A

absorption of waters and minerals AND SURFACE AREA

221
Q

What is the inner most layer in the root cortex?

A

the endodermis

222
Q

What type of route does water use to cross the root cortex?

A

the symplastic or apoplastic route

223
Q

What is the function of the casparian strip of the endodermal wall?

A

blocks the apoplastic system transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder

224
Q

What does the casparian strip use to filter material?

A

the symplastic system

225
Q

What does the caspirian strip ensure?

A

that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the xylem in the stele

226
Q

What is bulk flow driven by?

A

negative pressure in the xylem

227
Q

How do plants lose a large volume of water?

A

From transpiration (the evaporation of water to the plants surface?

228
Q

Water is replaced by what in plants?

A

by the bulk flow of water and minerals called xylem sap

229
Q

What causes root pressure ?

A

by continuous accumulation of ions in the roots

230
Q

How does root pressure work?

A

It causes water and dissolved minerals to move into plant and up the xylem despite the absence of transpiration

231
Q

What generates root pressure?

A

Water flow from the root cortex

232
Q

What is Guttation?

A

the form of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves

233
Q

What does root pressure sometimes result to?

A

guttation

234
Q

How does guttation occur?

A

occurs when root pressure exceeds transpiration pull

235
Q

How does xylem sap work?

A

Water is pulled upward by negative pressure in the xylem

236
Q

What are some characteristics of xylem sap?

A

It conducts materials within dead cells

It has lower water potential than soil does

No energy input is required for xylem transport

237
Q

Explain the process of transpirational pull. And what does it create?

A

Water vapor in the airspaces of a leaf diffuses down its water potential gradient and exits the leaf via stomata. Evaporation of water through stoma creates a negative pressure.

238
Q

What does the negative pressure cause in transpirational pull?

A

exerts a pulling force on water in the xylem pulling water into the leaf

239
Q

What parts of the tree are involved in transpirational pull on the xylem sap? (in order)

A

from the leaves to the root tips and even into the soil solution

240
Q

Cohesion of what molecules or parts of the tree are facilitated by transpirational pull?

A

by cohesion of water molecules to each other

241
Q

Adhesion of what molecules or parts of the tree are facilitated by transpirational pull?

A

water molecules to cell walls and capillary action of the tracheids

242
Q

Overall how does xylem sap work? (give a basic review of it all explain it)

A
  • Transpiration lowers water potential in leaves and this generates negative pressure that pulls water up through the xylem
    There is no energy cost to bulk flow of xylem sap
243
Q

What type of water conducing parts do angiosperms and gymnosperms have?

A

Angiosperms - tracheids and vessels

Gymnosperms - tracheids

244
Q

Why can redwood trees have an advantage when it comes to moving water up and down? (using xylem sap)

A

that tracheids have adhesive and cohesive forces greater in narrow cylinders and can work more efficiently in the tallest trees

245
Q

What do ALL eukaryotic organisms have?

A

have internal clocks. Circadian rhythms are 24 hour cycles

246
Q

What are Xerophytes?

A

plants adapted to arid climates

247
Q

What adaptation does xerophytes have that make them special/are known for?

A

They have leaf modifications that some plants use a specialized form of photosynthesis called crassulacean acid metabolism where stomatal gas exchange occurs at night

248
Q

What are some other adaptations the xerophytes have to help them reduce water loss?

A

sunken stomata, small thick leaves, trichome hairs which reduce the rate of transpiration, silver reflective coloring, and C4 photosynthesis

249
Q

What is the adaptation called that allows plants to limit water loss in drought conditions?

A

morphological adaptations

250
Q

How are the products of photosynthesis transported through the cell?

A

through phloem by the process called translocation

251
Q

What does the phloem sap have a lot of?

A

sucrose

252
Q

What is a sugar source?

A

an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves

253
Q

What is a sugar sink?

A

an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar

254
Q

What are some examples of sugar sinks?

A

a tuber or bulb, a fruit, a young growing leaf, a growing leaf root

255
Q

What can a storage organ be in the summer? And what can it be in the winter?

A

can be both a sugar sink in summer and sugar source in winter

256
Q

What are the steps that the phloem takes to move sugars, amino acids, and hormones?

A
  1. Leaf produces the sugar
    1. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf
    2. Solutes are moved (active transport) into the sieve tubes
    3. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes
    4. Sugar moves to a sink
257
Q

How does regular sap move through angiosperms?

A

sap moves through a sieve tubes by bulk flow driven by positive pressure

Biology (11 decks)

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