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Biology > Questions I missed on my exams > Flashcards

Questions I missed on my exams Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes the control of the lac operon?

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

Which of the following best describes the control of the cAMP operon?

A

Positive gene expression

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3
Q

Which regulatory mechanism in bacteria is indicated by the diagram shown here? (precursor to tryptophan image)

A

Feedback inhibition

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4
Q

In the diagram shown here, what is the role of tryptophan? (precursor to tryptophan image)

A

Allosteric repressor

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5
Q

The bubble image of DNA replication the little fragments (the small darkened portion of the tail)
This portion of the arrow is where DNA synthesis begins. What is the name of this small portion of the newly replicated section of DNA?

A

The primer

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6
Q

Using the pattern explained above write the direction indicator of the DNA molecule indicated by point E (the end that is on the same side as the 5 prime.

A

3 prime end

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7
Q

Write out the name of the functional group that associated with this end of the DNA molecule (same side as the 3 prime end question)

A

Hydroxyl group

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8
Q

Using the pattern explained above write the direction indicator of the DNA molecule indicated by point F (the end that is on the same side as the 3 prime.

A

5 prime end

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9
Q

Write out the name of the functional group that associated with this end of the DNA molecule (the 5 prime end)

A

phosphate group

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10
Q

What is the name of the point where the replication bubble forms?

A

Origin of replication

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11
Q

Which molecule would be added to the growing strand by the enzyme marked as molecule C in the figure shown on the previous page? (molecule C is DNA polymerase)

A

Deoxyribose

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12
Q

Which molecule would be added to the growing strand by the enzyme marked as molecule E in the figure shown on the previous page? (molecule E is DNA primase)

A

Ribose

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13
Q

What specific type of nucleic acid is synthesized by this enzyme? (DNA primase)

A

RNA

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14
Q

What do we call the short length of nucleic acid synthesized by this enzyme? (DNA primase)

A

Primer

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15
Q

What happens when a ribosome encounters a stop codon?

A

A water molecule is added to the chain, causing the chain to terminate and leave the ribosome

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16
Q

In terms of gene 3, which strand is the template strand? (arrow going left the opposite way on the bottom strand)

A

Strand A

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17
Q

Name the type of mutation that would result if a nucleotide in the original sequence was accidentally deleted.

A

Frameshift mutation

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18
Q

Which of the following events is most immediately associated with the absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction-center complex?

An electron is excited
ATP is synthesized from energy absorbed
NADPH+ is reduced to NADPH
A molecule of water is split

A

An electron is excited

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19
Q

Which of the following metabolic process normally occurs in most cells regardless of oxygen availability?

Glycolysis
Oxidation phosphorylation
Fermentation
Citric acid cycle

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

A person on a strict diet and exercise regimen lost 7kg of body fat in just 2 weeks. In which of the following forms did the loss of fat most likely leave the body?

Released CO2 and H2O
Eliminated from the body as feces
Converted to heat and then released
Converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat

A

Released CO2 and H2O

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21
Q

Where would you expect is the natural environment of enzyme A (associated with PH levels)?

In an acidic environment
In hot environment
In cold environment
In alkaline environment

A

In an acidic environment

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22
Q

What happen to glucose in glycolysis?

Oxidation
Reduction
Synthesis
combustion

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

Which of the terms below best describes a regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibit an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway?

Feedback inhibition
Cooperation inhibition
Metabolic inhibition
Allosteric inhibition

A

Feedback inhibition

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24
Q

If the substrate has a positive charge, what properties would you expect to find in the enzyme groove/pocket where the substrate binds?

Negative charge
Non-polar
Polar
Positive charge

A

Negative charge

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25
Q

Which of the following statements best describe the function of the nuclear pore complex found in the eukaryotic cells?

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
It synthesizes secreted proteins
It assembles ribosomes from f=raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus
It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA

A

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus

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26
Q

Which of the following structures is not associated with the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

Golgi apparatus

Nuclear envelope

A

Chloroplast

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27
Q

Movement of amoebae across a surface requires which of the following activities by components of the cytoskeleton?

Assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
Localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules
Reinforcement of pseudopod with intermediate filaments
Assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement

A

Assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Certain animal cells normally have well-defined spherical nuclei. Cells with a genetic defect have irregularly nuclei. Which of the following cytoskeletal elements is most likely affected by genetic defect?

Intermediate filaments
Myosin proteins
Microfilaments
microtubules

A

Intermediate filaments

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29
Q

Which of the following molecules would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
O2
Sucrose
An amino acid
NA+

A

O2

30
Q

A defect in which of the following molecules would dramatically reduce the rate of diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

Aquaporins
Sodium-potassium pump
ATP
Gated ion channels

A

Aquaporins

31
Q

Which of the following results is most likely when a plant cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution?

Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell
The cell will burst
The cell will become turgid
The cell will become flaccid

A

Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell

32
Q

Which of the following is the most likely result when the system has reached equilibrium?
The water levels will be unchanged
The concentration of sucrose on side A will be greater than the concentration of sucrose on side B
The water levels will be unchanged
The water level will be higher in side A than in side B

A

The water levels will be unchanged

33
Q

When the system illustrated above reaches equilibrium, what will the sugar concentrations of both sides of the U-tube be?

1.5M and 1.5M
1M sucrose, 1M glucose
2M sucrose, 1M glucose
1M sucrose, 2M glucose

A

1.5M and 1.5M

34
Q

Which of the following examples describes a type of potential rather than kinetic energy?

A sucrose molecule
Water rushing out of hoover dam
Heat released by a campfire
Flashes of light emitted by a firefly

A

A sucrose molecule

35
Q

A decrease in entropy is associated with which of the following types of reactions?

Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Catabolic
depolymerization

A

Dehydration

36
Q

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Anabolic reaction
Hydrolysis
Catabolic reactions
digestion

A

Anabolic reaction

37
Q

Which of the following statements best summarizes an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for living organism?

Each organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment
The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows completely
The energy content of a single organism is constant
An organism grows by converting energy into organic matter

A

Each organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment

38
Q

What is the valence of this atom? (atom has a full valence shell)

A

8

39
Q

How many covalent bonds can this atom form? ( that has a full valance shell)

A

0

40
Q

Which functional group when added to DNA, would alter gene expression?

A

Methyl group

41
Q

Which functional group when part of an organic molecule, would be responsible for storing and transferring energy cells?

A

Phosphate group

42
Q

Which functional group would form crosslinks (covalent bonds) that bind the molecules, such as 2 proteins together?

A

Sulfhydryl group

43
Q

Which structures would be used as a lipid component of a membrane?

A

Glycerol or a fatty acid (look at pics of those)

44
Q

Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected, Which if the following experiments will provide the best data to address this question?

Measure the number of tumors formed on a plant when exposed to various concentration of Agrobacterium

Determine the survival rate of agrobacterium when exposed to different concentrations of an antibiotic

Measure the concentration of agrobacterium in different soil environments where the plants grow

Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to agrobacterium for different lengths of time

A

Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which re exposed to agrobacterium for different lengths of time

45
Q

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?
If two species are members of the same genus, they are alike than each of them could be to a different genus
These organisms live in sunny regions. Therefore, they are using photosynthesis
If protists are all single-celled, they are incapable of aggregations
Hundreds of individuals of species have been observed and all are photosynthetic, therefore the species is photosynthetic

A

Hundreds of individuals of species have been observed and all are photosynthetic, therefore the species is photosynthetic

46
Q

In the 1850’s 2 scientists studied a wide number of organisms
and together wrote what we know today as cell theory. The cell is the basic unit of life and all living organism consist of one or more cells. Of what type of reasoning is this an example of?

Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Controlled experimentation
Illogical reasoning

A

Inductive reasoning

47
Q

How many electrons will a single atom of nitrogen with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?
14
2
7
5

A

5

48
Q

How many amino acids and peptide bonds does tetrapeptide have?
Four amino acids and three peptide bonds
Three amino acids and four peptide bonds
Four amino acids and four peptide bonds
Four amino acids and two peptide bonds

A

Four amino acids and three peptide bonds

49
Q

Which of the following chemical reactions is represented in the figure?

Results in peptide bond (OH and O binding and making a H2O molecule)
Links two polymers to form a monomer
Is a hydrolysis reaction
Joins two fatty acids together

A

Results in peptide bond (OH and O binding and making a H2O molecule) a carboxyl group binds to an amino group

50
Q

Which of the following best compares dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

Hydrolysis assemble polymers, dehydration reactions break polymers apart

Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis assemble polymers from monomers

Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes, hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes

A

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

51
Q

Which of the following is a biological advantage of storing glucose molecules in branched polymers?
They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers
They are resistant to enzymes
They are insoluble and so provide strength to molecule
They can be stacked together to save space

A

They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers

52
Q

Miotic spindle connects with centromeres in……

A

prometaphase

53
Q

Sister chromatids become attached to microtubules on opposite poles in……

A

Metaphase

54
Q

What occurs at G1 phase?

A

The cell synthesizes nucleotides, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, SSBP, Helicase and telomerase (answer)

55
Q

What occurs in the S phase?

A

The cell initiates reactions at origins of replication (answer)

56
Q

How do free radicals affect cells?

A

They steal electrons from biological molecules leading to DNA damage (answer)

57
Q

If a diploid organism in G0 possess 28 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would it’s gametes contain?

7
14
26
20

A

14 chromosomes

58
Q

List and explain 4 reasons we discussed in class as to why the garden pea was ideal for Mendel’s research

A
  1. Closed reproduction
    1. Short breeding cycle
    2. Many characteristics
      1. Easy to maintain
59
Q

Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to Mendel’s laws of inheritance, how many copies of the heritable factor for that trait are present in a single gamete?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A

1

60
Q

Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to Mendel’s laws of inheritance, how many copies of the heritable factor for that trait are present in a single zygote?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A

2

61
Q

Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to menders laws of inheritance, which heritable factor determines the organisms phenotype for a specific trait?

A

The dominate allele

62
Q

Sperm contain no sex chromosomes; eggs carry two sex chromosomes?

A

Z-W system

63
Q

Cockroaches and many other insects use this sex determination system?

A

X-0 system

64
Q

Sex is determined by the number of sex chromosomes inherited when egg and sperm combine?

A

X-0 system

65
Q

Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes that are inherited when egg and sperm combine?

A

X-Y system

66
Q

Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes inherited in the egg?

A

Z-W system

67
Q

What type of system do bees use?

A

the X-0 system

68
Q

Unfertilized eggs produce one sex, while fertilized eggs produce the other?

A

Haplo-diploid system

69
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?
Meiosis
Mitosis
Fertilization
The exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species

A

Mitosis

70
Q

Which of the following statements about the human X chromosome is correct?
It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex
It is present in every gametic cell of male and females
It is smaller than other chromosomes
It is referred to as an autosome

A

It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex

71
Q

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCdEE?

4
8
16
64

A

8

Biology (11 decks)

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