Cellular Reaction to Injury/Regressive Tissue Changes (Q2,Ch.3)

Question 1

Regressive tissue changes

Answer 1

• The various pathological processes indicating some disturbance in cell metabolism
• changes may result in necrosis or the death of the cell

Question 2

Regressive tissue changes affecting the body

Answer 2

Infiltrations
Degenerations
Atrophy

Question 3

Infiltration

Answer 3

Some sort of substance has infiltrated the tissues of the body and accumulated in abnormal amounts

Question 4

Pigmentation

Answer 4

• Common form of infiltration
• Occurs when coloring matters pass into the tissues and accumulate, causing discolorations

Question 5

Types of pigmentation

Answer 5

Endogenous
Exogenous

Question 6

Endogenous Definition & pigmentation types

Answer 6

• coloring matter is from normal pigment present in the body
  Bilirubin/jaundice
  Hemoglobin
  Melanin

Question 7

Bilirubin

Answer 7

• Orange to yellow pigment present in bile
• disease causes bile to seep into bloodstream, turning body parts yellow
  (examples: jaundice, or icterus)

(Liver, cancer, hepatitis, and blockages of the bile ducks can result in bile pigment spilling over into the bloodstream, and collecting in tissues, causing a yellow discoloration in the skin and other areas)

Question 8

Hemoglobin

Answer 8

• Substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the respiratory organs to the rest of the body

(post-mortem stain: results from hemolysis of red blood cells)

Question 9

Melanosis

Answer 9

Abnormal amounts of melanin accumulates in the tissues
(common freckles and moles are examples of excess melanin being present in certain areas of the skin)

Question 10

Exogenous

Answer 10

Pigment, which entered the body from outside
(Example: tattoo)

Question 11

Pneumoconiosis

Answer 11

Pigmentation caused by prolonged inhalation of dust
Different types

Question 12

Anthracosis

Answer 12

pigmentation from coal dust
black Lung Disease

Question 13

Silicosis

Answer 13

Inhalation of stone dust
- Sand blasting or quarrying of various minerals

Question 14

Byssinosis

Answer 14

• Inhalation of cotton dust and related foreign materials
• from working in the textile industry
• mill fever/brown lung

Question 15

Degeneration

Answer 15

• General term
• Refers to the deterioration of cells within the body due to changes which occur within the cytoplasm of the cells, and which affects other normal functions
• Cellular metabolism is impaired/unable to manage the accumulation of various substances within the cell

Question 16

Fatty degeneration

Answer 16

Fatty molecules are accumulating within the cells and have an adverse effect on normal cellular function
(example: fatty liver; enlarged, yellowish, and greasy to the touch)

Question 17

Amyloid Disease:Amyloidosis

Answer 17

• Waxy, starch-like substance called amyloid is deposited in the tissues
• metabolic disorder involving proteins

Question 18

Cloudy, swelling/cellular swelling

Answer 18

• Term often given to the appearance of cells when they are somewhat swollen and contain an abnormal amount of water
• Fairly common
• Not usually as serious as other forms of degeneration

Question 19

Pathological calcification

Answer 19

• Condition in which calcium is deposited within the tissues of the body with no attempt at bone formation
  (examples: arteriosclerosis, tubercles)

Question 20

Atrophy

Answer 20

• Term which refers to the decrease in size of a once a normal body part

Question 21

Physiological atrophy

Answer 21

• Decrease in size is a normal/regular occurrence in the human body
  (example: atrophy with old age, atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy)

Question 22

Pathological atrophy

Answer 22

Atrophy that occurs as a result of various functional and structural problems with the muscle and the different organs of the body

Question 23

Common reasons for pathological atrophy

Answer 23

• Inadequate nutrition
• inadequate nervous stimulation/movement
• disuse

Question 24

Hypertrophy

Answer 24

• An increase in the size of cells which causes an increase in the size of an organ or tissue
• 3 Types: Physiological, pathological, and compensatory

Question 25

Physiological Hypertrophy

Answer 25

• Increased stress on muscles causes cells to adapt to the increased demand by increasing in size
• (they must increase in size because cardiac muscles and striated muscles do not replicate) (ex. weightlifters)

Question 26

Pathological Hypertrophy

Answer 26

A disease causes some non-regenerative cells to die, causing other cells to grow in size to compensate for the loss

Question 27

Compensatory Hypertrophy

Answer 27

• The absence of an organ or part of an organ causes the body’s cells to compensate for the loss
  (ex. A person lacking a kidney will have their other kidney cells compensate for the loss by getting bigger)

Question 28

Hyperplasia

Answer 28

• Cells multiply, causing an increase in the size of a tissue or organ
• 3 Types: Physiological, pathological, and compensatory

Question 29

Physiological Hyperplasia

Answer 29

Cells multiply as a result of normal growth (ex. puberty)

Question 30

Compensatory Hyperplasia

Answer 30

Cells multiply as a result of responding to an increased workload

Question 31

Pathological Hyperplasia

Answer 31

Cells multiply as a result of injury or infection

Question 32

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Answer 32

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy often occur together, causing an increase in both number and size of the cells

Question 33

Regeneration

Answer 33

The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
- 2 Types: Physiological Regeneration, Pathological Regeneration

Question 34

Physiological Regeneration

Answer 34

Small areas of tissue damage are repaired when damaged cells are replaced with identical cells

Question 35

Pathological Regeneration

Answer 35

Cells other than the originally damaged cells replace the damaged tissue (scar tissue)

Question 36

Metaplasia

Answer 36

• A form of cellular adaptation in which cells regenerate after injury
• During metaplasia, one cell type is replaced by another cell type that is more capable of withstanding a change (Switch out cells for more hardy ones to withstand damage)

Question 37

Gangrene

Answer 37

A term commonly used to refer to several types of necrosis

Question 38

Wet Gangrene

Answer 38

A form of LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS that results from bacterial or fungal infections that develop in areas of dead, necrotic tissue (tissues become swollen, discolored, and blistered)

• When accompanied by gas gangrene, wet gangrene may exhibit crepitation(crackling, bubble-wrap sound) when touched

Question 39

Gas Gangrene

Answer 39

A form of gangrene occurring in living individuals

Question 40

Dry Gangrene/Ischemic Gangrene

Answer 40

• Gangrene that occurs when tissues become dehydrated if blood supply is reduced (tissues become black, wrinkled, and greasy.
• Also, a clearly defined line of separation between dead and healthy tissue)

Question 41

Ischemia

Answer 41

• Reduced blood flow to a part
• closely related to hypoxia (no blood = no oxygen)

Question 42

Gout

Answer 42

• A common form of arthritis that causes swelling and pain in some of the body’s joints
• Caused by the accumulation of excess amounts of uric acid in the tissues
• typically affects a joint in the big toe, but also affects the feet, ankles, and other parts of the body

Question 43

Hyperuricemia

Answer 43

• Excess levels of uric acid are found in the blood
• Excess uric acid in the blood leads to the formation of microscopic crystals that infiltrate the joints, causing pain.
  (Gout is an example of this)