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pathology > Disturbances in Circulation (Q3,CH. 6) > Flashcards

Disturbances in Circulation (Q3,CH. 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Edema/Dropsy

A

A local or generalized condition in which the body tissues contain an excessive amount of tissue fluid
(seven types: anasarca, exudate, hydrothorax, Hydropericardium, ascites, pitting edema, pulmonary edema)

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2
Q

Causes of Edema

A
  1. Increased permeability of capillary walls
  2. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure
  3. Inflammatory conditions
  4. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances
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3
Q

Anasarca

A
  • Type of Edema
  • Severe, generalized, widespread edema (expressed through pitting edema)
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4
Q

Ascites

A
  • Type of Edema
  • accumulation of fluid in the abdomen/peritoneal cavity
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5
Q

Hydrothorax/ Pleural Effusion

A
  • Type of Edema
  • Edema in the pleural cavity
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6
Q

Hydropericardium

A
  • Type of Edema
  • Edema of the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart
  • can cause dyspnea and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
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7
Q

Pitting Edema

A
  • Type of Edema
  • Edema of the extremities.
  • skin maintains a depression when firmly pressed
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8
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A
  • Type of Edema
  • Fluid in the lungs
  • Potentially fatal because fluid may inhibit the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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9
Q

Exudate

A

Edema that occurs around an inflammation site

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10
Q

Hyperemia/Congestion

A
  • Excess blood in a body part
  • Two types: active hyperemia (active physiological & active pathological) and passive hyperemia
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11
Q

Active Hyperemia

A
  • Excess blood in a body part which was actively or purposefully taken there by the arterial system in the body
  • Two types: active physiological, and active pathological
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12
Q

Active physiological Hyperemia

A

Active hyperemia that results from a normal every day healthy bodily function
(exercise)

Blood purposely moved to the part because of normal functioning

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13
Q

Active pathological Hyperemia

A

Active hyperemia as a result of some disease process
(acute inflammatory process)

Blood purposely moves to the part because of a disease/infection

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14
Q

Passive hyperemia

A
  • The engorgement of an organ or tissues, with venous blood, resulting from inadequate venous drainage
  • Causes a reddish bluish discoloration of the affected parts, because venous return is impaired (Cyanosis)
  • (passive hyperemia is always pathological.)
  • 2 types: localized passive, or generalized passive
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15
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration of the tissues from unoxygenated blood

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16
Q

Localized passive hyperemia

A
  • Formation of a blood clot in a vein
  • Thickening of vessel walls
  • Pressure from an outside lesion
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17
Q

Generalized passive hyperemia

A

Normally a result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart pumping action
- can result in hypostatic congestion or cyanosis

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18
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow to a body part
- ischemia make cause an infarction

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19
Q

Hypoxia

A

A decrease in the level of oxygen within a tissue

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20
Q

Ischemia and hypoxia

A
  • are often related, but indicate two different pathological conditions and can happen together or apart
  • Ischemia (too little blood flow) will eventually result in hypoxia (too little oxygen to a part)
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21
Q

Infarction/ischemic necrosis

A

An area of tissue which has been deprived of blood supply dies

22
Q

Infarct

A

The area of tissue that has died from an infarction

23
Q

Thrombosis

A

The formation of a blood clot

24
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot
- stationary (stay at the site where they form) and have the potential to fragment in the bloodstream (become a fragmented thrombi embolus)

25
Q

Embolism

A

The sudden obstruction of a vessel by debris

26
Q

Embolis

A

A Fragment of a blood clots, or other free-flowing object in the bloodstream

27
Q

Difference between embolus and thrombus

A
  • An embolus moves through the circulatory system until becoming inlodged
  • A thrombus becomes inlodged where they form
  • Although emboli and thrombi have differences, they may cause the same results
28
Q

Types of Emboli

A

Fragments of Thromboli
Microorganisms
Tumor Cells
Fat
Gases
Other Foreign Bodies

29
Q

Fragments of Thromboli

A

Type of Emboli
- The most common emboli (what di canio wants us to understand an emboli to be)
- a blood clot/thrombus breaks apart, fragmenting into small pieces of the clot that travel throughout the bloodstream, and may become lodged into smaller vessels and block blood flow

30
Q

Results of Embolisms

A
  • ischemia (two little blood flow)
  • infarction (death of tissues distal to the blockage)
  • Necrosis: the embolism may spread the infection and cause more systemic death of tissues
31
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • The escape of blood from the blood vascular system
  • Often associated with a break in the walls of a vessel
    (11 types)
32
Q

Petechiae/Petechia (singular)
(appearance based hemorrhage)

A
  • Antemortem pinpoint size hemorrhages of small capillaries in the skin or mucous membranes
  • permanent extravascular stain after death (not removed through arterial embalming)
33
Q

Ecchymosis
(appearance based hemorrhage)

A

Bruise; Large irregular patches of hemorrhage in the tissues ( permanent extravascular stain)

34
Q

Purpura
(appearance based hemorrhage)

A

Widespread areas of hemorrhage into the skin or mucous membranes

35
Q

Hematoma
(appearance based hemorrhage)

A

Tumor-like swelling filled with blood (ex. common blood blister)

36
Q

Melena
(appearance based hemorrhage)

A

Very dark, tarry feces or vomit

37
Q

Hemothorax
(location based hemorrhage)

A

Bleeding into the pleural/thoracic cavity

38
Q

Hemaparicardium
(location based hemorrhage)

A

Bleeding into the pericardial cavity (from the heart cavity)

39
Q

Hemoperitoneum
(location based hemorrhage)

A

Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity (abdominal cavity)

40
Q

Hemoptysis
(location based hemorrhage)

A

Blood in the sputum (from the lungs)

41
Q

Hematemsis
(location based hemorrhage)

A

Blood in vomit (from the stomach or upper digestive system)

42
Q

Hematuria

A

The presence of blood in urine

43
Q

Exsanguination

A

Massive bleeding from anywhere in the body; usually refers to the loss of blood to the point of death

44
Q

Epitaxis
(location based hemorrhage)

A

Bleeding from the nose

45
Q

Gangrene/Necrosis

A
  • The death of tissue often occurs in the extremities or skin from loss of blood supply.
  • The result of an infarction
  • 2 types: dry, gangrene and wet/moist gangrene
46
Q

Moist/True Gangrene

A

Wet/Liquefaction Necrosis
- characterized by necrotic tissue which as been invaded by bacteria
- often associated with disturbances in the venous return of blood from the area

47
Q

Dry Gangrene

A

Coagulation Necrosis; Ischemic Necrosis
- Dry gangrene occurs when the blood supply to tissue is cut off.
- The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black

48
Q

Coagulation

A

The process of blood changing from a liquid/free-flowing form, into a semi-sold

49
Q

Circulatory Shock

A

The condition that results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body, resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues.

50
Q

Fainting/syncope

A
  • Temporary loss of consciousness
  • Often described as a mild form of shock
  • due to a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain or low blood pressure
51
Q

Dehydration

A

Desiccation; A decrease in total body fluids

52
Q

Postmortem conditions associated with disturbances in circulation

A
  • Diminished circulation
  • edema
  • abscess
  • hemorrhage
  • emaciation
  • dehydration
  • rapid decomposition
  • discoloration

pathology (19 decks)

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