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MLT-MLS Spring 2023 > ABO Discrepancies > Flashcards

ABO Discrepancies Flashcards

1
Q

Forward type and reverse type not matching is known as what?

A

ABO discrepancy

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
ABORh testing is considered routine testing

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Why is a reverse type not done on babies under 6 months old?

A

They have not formed antibodies yet

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
If forward and reverse types disagree, repeat BOTH

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of ABO discrepancies?

A

-Reagents
-Wrong sample
-Testing errors

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Clerical error is the #1 error in blood bank

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Excess antibody

A

Prozone

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8
Q

Excess antigen

A

Postzone

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9
Q

Reasons reagents can cause a discrepancy (3)

A

-Wrong one used
-Expired or contaminated
-Omitted in testing

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10
Q

Using the wrong concentration of cells can cause what result?

A

False negative

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11
Q

Prozone and Postzone will give what result?

A

False negative

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12
Q

Reasons wrong sample can cause a discrepancy (2)

A

-Wong patient sample used (patient not properly identified/sample mix up in lab)
-Specimen not handled or stored properly (left on tray for several hours or left at room temp for several days)

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13
Q

Testing errors that can cause ABO discrepancy (7)

A

-Wrong temperature
-Wrong centrifugation
-Misinterpretation of a weak reaction or mixed field agglutination (mfa) as negative (overshaking)
-Failure to interpret hemolysis as a positive reaction
-Clerical errors in recording
-Tubes labeled incorrectly
-Over-reading - not shaking buttons off tube bottom

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14
Q

Why is hemolysis considered a positive reaction in blood bank?

A

Complement activation

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15
Q

Definition:
2 cell populations present

A

Mixed field agglutination

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16
Q

Types of discrepancies (4)

A

-Forward discrepancy due to additional reactions or antigens
-Forward discrepancy due to missing antigens
-Reverse due to additional reactants or antibodies
-Reverse due to missing antibodies

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17
Q

An inherited phenomenon primarily due to a genetic mutation that causes the sialic acid on RBC membranes to not be present and exposes a different antigen on the cell membrane (Tn antigen site).
-Occurs regardless of blood type
-will agglutinate everything

A

Polyagglutination

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18
Q

Wharton’s jelly or rouleaux can cause this

A

Non-specific agglutination

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19
Q

To avoid non-specific agglutination you should wash cells how many times?

A

4-8

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20
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy:
-Usually occurs in type A1 patients
-Is due to intestinal obstruction or cancer

A

Acquired B

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21
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy:
-Bacterial enzyme cleaves off the active group of A making it look like a B antigen and could react with B antisera

A

Acquired B

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22
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
The protein in typing reagents can reduce the zeta potential enough to cause false reactions in sensitized red cells

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Rare phenomenon between fraternal twins

A

Chimera-mixture of blood

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24
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy

A

B (A) Phenotype

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25
Q

Ways to resolve B (A) phenotype? (2)

A

-Test with additional monoclonal anti-A reagent by a different manufacturer
-Use polyclonal human anti-A reagent

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26
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy

A

Acquired B Phenotype

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27
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy:
-The B gene transfers trace amounts of N-acetylgalactosamine and D-galactose to the H antigen acceptor molecule
-Increased sensitivity of reagent anti-sera causes the weak forward reaction with Anti-A

A

B(A) phenotype

28
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy:
-Found in patients that have diseases of lower GI tract, cancers of colon, intestinal blockage, or infection with Gram Negative

A

Acquired B phenotype

29
Q

The following resolves what ABO discrepancy:
-Test the patient’s serum/plasma against autologous red blood cells
-Test patient red cells with additional monoclonal anti-B reagents from another manufacturer that are documented not to react with the antigens associated with this discrepancy
-Secretor studies (this ABO discrepancy will only have A substance in secretions)

A

Acquired B phenotype

30
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy:

A

Subgroup of A

31
Q

The following are resolutions for which ABO discrepancy:
-Repeat red cell testing with extended incubation times
-Include human polyclonal anti-A,B or monoclonal blend anti-A,B

A

Subgroup of a

32
Q

If a subgroup of A is suspected, what must be tested? (2)

A

A1 Lectin and A2 cells

33
Q

What plant does the A1 Lectin come from?

A

Dolichos biflorus

34
Q

A1 Lectin is ran in what part of ABO testing?

A

Front typing

35
Q

A2 cells will only agglutinate with which blood group types?

A

Group O and B

36
Q

Which subgroup of A is associated with a 2+ mixed-field agglutination reaction?

A

A3

37
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy: (Additional reactions/antibodies)

A

Rouleaux

38
Q

Rouleaux can be observed in which 2 diseases/disorders?

A

-Multiple Myeloma
-Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia

39
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy: (additional reactions/antibodies)

A

Cold alloantibody

40
Q

The following would resolve which ABO discrepancy:
-Test the patient’s serum with screening cells and auto control at room temperature

A

Auto or Allo antibody

41
Q

Allo or Auto antibody

A

Cold auto antibody

42
Q

Allo or Auto antibody

A

Cold allo antibody

43
Q

When patient’s serum is tested with his/her own red cells to determine whether an autoantibody is present

A

Autologous control
aka
Auto Control

44
Q

If you have positive reactions with A1, B, and screening cells - and the auto control is positive - what are you liking dealing with?

A

Cold autoantibody

45
Q

Most common discrepancy in a healthy individual?

A

Subgroups with Anti-A1

46
Q

Most frequent cause of weak or missing antibody (3)

A

-Babies
-Elderly
-Immunocompromised

47
Q

Optimum temperature for Anti-A and Anti-B

A

4C

48
Q

Name the ABO discrepancy:

A

Missing or Weak antibodies in serum testing

49
Q

The following will resolve which ABO discrepancy:
-Determine patient’s age and immunoglobulin level
-Incubate serum testing for 15 minutes at room temperature, centrifuge, and examine
-If room temperature incubation is still negative, place serum testing at 4C for 5 minutes with an autologous control

A

Missing or Weak antibodies in serum testing

50
Q

Interpret the following:

A

Cold autoantibody

51
Q

Interpret the following:

A

Group O

52
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Normal A1

53
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Normal A2

54
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Normal B

55
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Normal O

56
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Normal A1B

57
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Normal A2B

58
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

A2B with Anti-A1

59
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

A2 with Anti-A1

60
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

B with missing anti-A

61
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

A with acquired B antigen

62
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

O with rouleaux

63
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Group B with cold autoantibody (Anti-I)

64
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Group O infant

65
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

Bombay type

66
Q

Interpret the ABO result:

A

A with cold alloantibody

67
Q

Most common autoantibody

A

Anti-I

MLT-MLS Spring 2023 (25 decks)

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