Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Unit 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Which usage of directional term is correct?
The breastbone is dorsal to the spine.
The head is caudal to the abdomen.
The skeletal muscles are superficial to the skin.
The arms are lateral to the chest.

A

The arms are lateral to the chest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following directional terms is accurate?
The heart is posterior to the lungs.
The heart is superficial to the lungs.
The heart is inferior to the lungs.
The heart is medial to the lungs.
The lungs are distal to the heart.

A

The heart is medial to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A section that will allow you to look at the superior surface of the liver would be considered __________.
frontal
transverse
oblique
sagittal

A

transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A radiographic image that would show both lungs would need to be in what plane?
A sagittal and oblique section
A sagittal or frontal plane
A transverse or frontal plane
A sagittal plane or transverse

A

A transverse or frontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The abdominal regions that are lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left inguinal regions
Hypogastric region
Epigastric region
Left and right lumbar regions
Right and left hypochondriac regions

A

Left and right lumbar regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is:
(a) organ, organ system, cellular, chemical, tissue, organismal
(b) chemical, cellular, tissue, organismal, organ, organ system
(c) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
(d) organismal, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

A

(c) chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The structural and functional unit of life is (a) a cell, (b) an organ, (c) the organism, (d) a molecule.

A

(a) a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the following is a major functional characteristic of all organisms? (a) movement, (b) growth, (c) metabolism, (d) responsiveness, (e) all of these.

A

e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two of these organ systems bear the major responsibility for ensuring homeostasis of the internal environment. Which two? (a) nervous system, (b) digestive system, (c) cardiovascular system, (d) endocrine system, (e) reproductive system.

A

(a) nervous system and (d) endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In (a)–(e), a directional term [e.g., distal in (a)] is followed by terms indicating different body structures or locations (e.g., the elbow/the wrist). In each case, choose the structure or organ that matches the given directional term.
(a) distal: the elbow/the wrist
(b) lateral: the hip bone/the umbilicus
(c) superior: the nose/the chin
(d) anterior: the toes/the heel
(e) superficial: the scalp/the skull

A

(a) wrist, (b) hip bone, (c) nose, (d) toes, (e) scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection? (a) thoracic cavity, (b) abdominal cavity, (c) pelvic cavity.

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Terms that apply to the backside of the body in the anatomical position include:
(a) ventral; anterior
(b) back; rear
(c) posterior; dorsal
(d) medial; lateral

A

c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to the principle of complementarity, how does anatomy relate to physiology?

A

Function (physiology) reflects structure (anatomy); structure will determine and/or influence function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List and describe briefly five external factors that must be present or provided to sustain life.

A

Five survival factors are:
(1) nutrients—the chemical substances used for energy and cell building;
(2) oxygen—used in the reactions that produce cellular energy;
(3) water—the liquid environment necessary for all chemical reactions;
(4) body temperature—to maintain the proper temperature for chemical reactions to proceed; and
(5) atmospheric pressure—to allow gas exchange to occur.

NOWNA
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, atmospheric conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease

A

Being out of balance can cause disease and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differentiate between matter and energy and between potential energy and kinetic energy

A

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass

  • Can generally be seen, smelled, and felt

Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Kinetic: energy in action

Potential: stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the major energy forms

A

Chemical: Stored in bonds of chemical substances

  • Chemical energy in the form of ATP is the most useful form of energy in living systems
    • it is used to run almost all functional processes

Electrical: Results from movement of charged particles

  • The nervous system uses electrical currents, nerve impulses, to transmit messages to different parts of the body
  • Electrical currents in the heart cause contraction

Mechanical: Directly involved in moving matter

  • Muscle

Radiant or electromagnetic energy: travels in waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter

A

Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary methods

CHON

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

19
Q

Define atom. List the subatomic particles, and describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom.

A

Clusters of subatomic particles that make of an element (protons, neutrons, electrons)

Protons:
- positive charge
- 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

Neutrons:
- Neutral charge
- 1 atomic mass unit

Electrons:
- negative charge
- 0 amu

20
Q

Define atomic number, atomic mass, isotope, and radioisotope.

A

Atomic number: number of protons
- # of protons = electrons

Mass number: sum of protons + neutrons

Isotopes: structural variation of an atom
- same # of protons and neutrons, but vary in # of electrons

Radioisotopes: exhibit radioactivity, or atomic decay
- heavy isotopes of an element may be unstable and decay into a stable form

21
Q

Define molecule

A

particle containing two or more atoms, combined by chemical bonds

22
Q

What’s the difference between a compound and a mixture.

A

no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture!

two or more different atoms bind form a compound
- H2O is a compound

A mixture contains at least two substances that are physically intermixed
- solutions, colloids, and suspensions

23
Q

Compare solutions, colloids, and suspensions.

A

**Solutions: **
- Solute particles are very tiny and do not scatter light
- homogenous
- (ex: mineral water)

**Colloids: **
- also called emulsions
- Larger solute particles, scatter light, do not settle out
- heterogenous
- fluid to gel - irreversible
- (ex: jello)

**Suspensions: **
- heterogenous
- Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light
- (ex: blood, sand)

24
Q

Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding

A

Electrons shells that are full are stable and unreactive. If they are not full, they are reactive

(When we consider bonding behavior, the only electrons that are important are those in the atom’s outermost energy level

When the outermost energy level of an atom is filled to capacity or contains 8 electrons, the atom is stable. Such atoms are chemically inert, that is, unreactive)

25
Q

Ionic bonds

A

atoms transfer 1+ electrons to another atom and form a chemical bond

Example: the formation of salt

26
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electron sharing to produce a stable molecule
ex: methane

27
Q

Polar compounds versus nonpolar compounds

A

nonpolar:
- equal sharing of electrons
- balanced charge among atoms

polar:
- unequal sharing of electrons
- charged unbalanced

28
Q

What are the three major types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis, decomposition, and exchange

29
Q

Define the three major types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, and exchange

A

Synthesis:
Molecules/atoms combine to form a more complex molecule
- bonds are made
- anabolic

Decomposition:
molecule/atom is broken down into smaller molecule/atom
- bonds are broken
- reverse synthesis
- catabolic

Exchange:
- reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition
- bonds are made, and bonds are broken

30
Q

Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible

A

Chemical reactions that release energy won’t go in the opposite direction unless energy is put back into the system

31
Q

Describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates.

A

Particle size
Concentration size
Catalysts
Temperature

PCCT

32
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • contain carbon and are made by living things
  • covalently bonded
33
Q

inorganic compounds

A

compounds that lack carbon

34
Q

Define acid and base

A

More hydrogen ions = more acidic
More hydroxl ions = more basic

35
Q

Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of carbohydrates

A

Carbohydates are sugars and starches
- monosaccharides, disaccarides, and polysaccharides
- major function is to provide energy/cellular fuel

36
Q

What happens as a solution shifts from pH 7 to pH 5?

a. H+ concentration increases 100-fold.
b. H+ concentration increases 2-fold.
c. H+ concentration decreases 10-fold.
d. OH- concentration increases 100-fold.

A

a. H+ concentration increases 100-fold.

The solution becomes more acidic as H+ ion concentration increases from 10-7 M to 10-5 M.

37
Q

Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of lipids.

A

Lipids insulate body organs, build cell membrane, and provide potential energy

38
Q

Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in forming and breaking down organic molecules.

A

Dehydration synthesis - synthesis by releasing water
Hydrolysis - decomposition by adding water

Dehydration synthesis is the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

Hydrolysis reactions are decomposition reactions in which complex molecules are broken down to simpler substances by addition of a water molecule to each bond.

39
Q

Describe the four levels of protein structure.

A
  1. Primary: amino acids form polypeptide chain
  2. Secondary: chain forms spirals and sheets
  3. Tertiary: spirals and sheets fold onto each other to make a globular molecule
  4. Quaternary: functional protein
40
Q

Describe enzyme action.

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction

41
Q

DNA versus RNA

A

DNA: is the genetic material; directs protein synthesis; replicates itself before cell division
RNA: carries out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis

42
Q

Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism

A

energy is captured and stored as small packets of energy in the bonds of ATP. ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells

43
Q

Which term means toward the front

A

anterior

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions