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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter Three: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living organism are comprised of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms
  3. All cells come from existing, living cells
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2
Q

What are the three major parts of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

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3
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A

Creates a boundary

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4
Q

What are the six functions of membrane products?

A

Transport
Signal transduction
Attachment
Enzymes
Intercellular joining
Cell to cell recognition

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5
Q

What is the function of integral membrane proteins?

A

Transport proteins, enzymes, receptors

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6
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins?

A

Help the cell move during cellular division and muscular contraction

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7
Q

The plasma membrane seperates __ from __

A

Intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

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8
Q

Membrane lipids are 75% __, 5%__, and 20 % ___

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

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9
Q

Phosphate heads are polar and hydro__

A

hydrophilic

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10
Q

phospohate heads are __ (polar/nonpolar) and hydrophilic

A

Polar

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11
Q

Fatty acid tails are __ (polar/nonpolar) and hydrophobic

A

nonpolar

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12
Q

Fatty acid tails are nonpolar and hydro__

A

hydrophobic

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13
Q

What function does cholesterol preform in membrane lipids?

A

increases the stability of the membrane

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14
Q

What is the primary function of membrane proteins?

A

Allow communication with the environment

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15
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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16
Q

Integral proteins
– Firmly inserted into __
– Have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
* Can interact with __ tails and water
– Function as __ proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors

A

Membrane
lipid tails
transport proteins

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17
Q

Peripheral proteins
– Loosely attached to ___ proteins

– Include filaments on intracellular surface for membrane __

– Function as __ ; motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction; cell-to-cell connections

A

integral
support
enzymes

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18
Q

Which protein is being described?

– Loosely attached to integral proteins
– Include filaments on intracellular surface for
membrane support
– Function as enzymes; motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction; cell-to-cell connections

A

Peripheral proteins

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19
Q

Which protein is being described?

– Firmly inserted into membrane (most are
transmembrane)
– Have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
* Can interact with lipid tails and water
– Function as transport proteins (channels and
carriers), enzymes, or receptors

A

Integral proteins

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20
Q

The Glycocalyx

A

“Sugar covering” at cell surface
- Lipids and proteins with attached carbohydrates

Allows immune system to recognize “self” and
“non self”

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21
Q

What are three ways cells are bound?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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22
Q

Tight junctions

A

Integral proteins fuse together to prevent fluids and molecules from moving between cells

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23
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchor cells together at plaques that reduce the possibility of tearing

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24
Q

Plaques in a cell

A

Thickenings on plasma membrane

“Molecular velcro”

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25
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communication junctions allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

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26
Q

Plasma membrane allows a cell to

A
  • maintain a boundary
  • obtain exactly what it needs from interstitial fluid
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27
Q

interstitial fluid is comprised of

A

thousands of miscellaneous substances
ie: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, waste products, etc.

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28
Q

Plasma membranes are __ permeable

A

selectively
- Some molecules pass through easily; some do not

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29
Q

What are two ways substances cross a membrane?

A
  • Passive processes
  • Active processes
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30
Q

– No cellular energy (ATP) required
– Substance moves down its concentration gradient

A

Passive processes/transport

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31
Q

– Energy (ATP) required
– Occurs only in living cell membranes

A

Active processes/transport

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32
Q

What type of transport requires ATP?

A

Active

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33
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

diffusion and filtration

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34
Q

Molecule will passively diffuse through a membrane if:

A
  • It is lipid soluble
  • Small enough to pass through membrane channels
  • Assisted by carrier molecule
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35
Q

Filtration is usually across __ walls

A

capillary

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36
Q

Which passive processs is this describing?

Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
substances diffuse directly through
phospholipid bilayer

A

Simple diffusion

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37
Q

Which passive process is this describing?

Certain hydrophilic molecules (e.g.
glucose, amino acids, and ions)
transported passively by
– Binding to protein carriers
– Moving through water-filled channels

  • Selectively transport ions or water
A

Facilitated diffusion

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38
Q

What is the difference between leakage channels and gated channels?

A

Leakage channels are always open, gated channel are controlled by chemical or electrical signals

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39
Q

movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water

A

Osmosis

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40
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of solution to alter cell’s water volume

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41
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution with same non penetrating solute concentration as cytosol

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42
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution with higher non- penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

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43
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution with lower non-
penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

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44
Q

Is this showing an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution?

A

Isotonic

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45
Q

Is this showing an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic

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46
Q

Is this showing an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution?

A

Hypotonic

47
Q

Which energy source does simple diffusion utilize?

A

Kinetic energy

48
Q

Which energy source does faciliatated diffusion utilize?

A

Kinetic

49
Q

Which energy source does osmosis utilize?

A

Kinetic

50
Q

What are the two different types of active processes?

A

Active transport and vesicular transport

51
Q

Both Active transport Vesicular transport require __ to move solutes across a living plasma membrane

A

ATP

52
Q

Active or passive transport?

Moves solutes against concentration gradient and requires carrier proteins

A

Active

53
Q

Primary active transport requires energy directly from ___ ___

A

ATP hydrolysis

54
Q

Secondary active transport requires energy __ from ionic gradients
created by primary active transport

A

indirectly

55
Q

What type of transport is this describing?

Energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in transport protein that “pumps” solutes (ions) across membrane

A

Primary Active transport

56
Q

Sodium - Potassium pump

A

Carrier (pump) called Na+-K+ ATPase and is involved in primary and secondary active transport of nutrients and ions

57
Q

Antiport system

A

Substances transported in opposite directions

58
Q

Symport system

A

Substances transported in the same direction

59
Q

Cotransport

A

transports multiple substances simultaneously

60
Q

Vesicular transport requires

A

ATP

61
Q

Vesicular transport

A

transportation of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membranes in sac called vesicles

62
Q

Exocytosis

A

exit the cell

63
Q

Endocytosis

A

enter the cell

64
Q

transcytosis

A

enter the cell, transport across and out of the cell

65
Q

vesicular trafficiking

A

transporting from one part of the cell to another part of the cell

66
Q

Endocytosis and Transcytosis
* Involve formation of __ vesicles
* Often ___ mediated, therefore very selective

A

Protein coated
receptor

67
Q

Pharocytosis

A

pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into a cell’s interior
ie. pseudpods snatch up solids and brings them inside the cell
cell snatching

68
Q

phagosome

A

visicle formed by phagocystosis

69
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Fluid-phase endocytosis

  • plasma membrane infolds and brings extracellular fluid inside the cell to “sample” the environment
  • fuses with the endosome

pino = pino grigio = a lil sippy sample

70
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis allows __ endocytosis and transcytosis

A

specific endocytosis and transcytosis

71
Q

Provides the main route for endocytosis and transcyotosis

A

clathrin-coated pits

72
Q

Exocytosis is usually activated by __

A

cell-surface signal or change in membrane voltage

73
Q

where are v-SNARES found

A

vesicle

v for vesicle

74
Q

where are t-SNARES found

A

cell membrane

t for target

75
Q

The 4 part process of exocytosis

A
  1. visicle migrates to plasma membranes
  2. v-SNARES bind with t-SNARES
  3. vesicle and plasma membrane fuse
  4. vesicle contents are released to the outside of the cell
76
Q

This photo is demonstrating which phenomenon?

A

exocytosis

77
Q

Where is cytoplasm found?

A

between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

78
Q

What three things make up the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol
organelles
inclusions

79
Q

What is cytosol?

A

water with solutes

proteins, salts, sugars, etc.

80
Q

what are organelles?

A

metabolic machinery of cell - each have a specific function and are either membranous or nonmembranous

81
Q

Membranes allow crucial ____

A

Compartmentalization

82
Q

Membranous or nonmembranous

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Peroxisomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
A

Membranous

83
Q

Membranous or nonmembranous?

  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
  • Ribosomes
A

Nonmembranous

84
Q
  • Largest organelle; genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
  • Responds to signals; dictates kinds and amounts of proteins synthesized
A

Nucleus

85
Q

The __ is the largest organelle

A

Nucleus

86
Q
  • Dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus
  • Involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly
A

Nucleoli

87
Q

The ___ contains the DNA coding for rRNA

A

Nucleoli

88
Q

What provides most of the cell’s ATP?

A

Mitochondria

89
Q

Ribosomes

A

granules containing protein and rRNA
- site of prtoein synthesis!

90
Q

Two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

rough and smooth er

91
Q

What organelle is being described?

  • Manufactures all secreted proteins
  • Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
A

Rough ER

92
Q

What organelle is being described?

enzymes (integral proteins) function in – Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins
– Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
– Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals
– Converting glycogen to free glucose
– Storage and release of calcium

A

Smooth ER

93
Q

What is the function?

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies concentrates and packages proteins and lipids from the rough ER

94
Q

What organelle is being described?

Peroxisomes

A
  • detoxify harmful/toxic substances
  • sacs that contatin oxidases and catalases
  • neutralize free radicals
95
Q

What organelle is being described?

  • digestive enzymes
  • digest bacteria, viruses and toxins
  • break down and release glycogen
A

Lysosomes

96
Q

What is the overall function of the endomembrane system?

A

produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
- includes ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes

97
Q

Label the diagram

Transport vesicle
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Secretory vesicle
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Nuclear envelope
nucleus

A

a. nuclear envelope
b. nucleus
c. smooth ER
d. rough ER
e. secretory vesicle
f. golgi apparatus
g. plasma membrane
h. transport vesicle
i. lysosome

98
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

series of rods throughout the cytosol
- proteins link rods to other cell structures

99
Q

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all correlated with __

A

the cytoskeleton

100
Q

Microfilaments function

A
  • give strength
  • involved in cell motility, change in shape, and endocytosis and exocytosis

actin

101
Q

What are microfilaments comprised of?

A

actins, which are protein subunits

102
Q

what are intermediate filaments? what are they comprised of?

A

tough ropelike protein fibers that attach to desmosomes to resist pulling forces on cells
comprised of tetramer fibrils

103
Q

Microtubules

A

comprised of tubulins and determine overall cell shape and distribution of organelles

mitochondria, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles attach to the microtubules and are moved throughout the cell by motor proteins

104
Q

motor proteins

A
  • powered by atp
  • proteins that assist in motility

basically cars

105
Q

contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities by regulating gene expression

A

Nucleus

106
Q

produces energy through cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

107
Q

synthesizes proteins

A

Ribosomes

108
Q

transports proteins and lipids, and is involved in protein folding and modification

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

109
Q

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport

A

Golgi apparatus

110
Q

contains digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste

A

Lysosomes

111
Q

breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances

A

Peroxisomes

112
Q

stores water, nutrients, and waste

A

Vacuoles

113
Q

converts sunlight into energy through photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts (found in plant cells)

114
Q

provides support and structure to the cell, and is involved in cell division and movement.

A

Cytoskeleton

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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