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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 and 5: Tissues and the Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 and 5: Tissues and the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in strucutre that perform common or related function

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2
Q

Histology is the study of

A

Tissues

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3
Q

What are the four primary types of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue
- covers

Connective tissue
- supports

Muscle tissue
- produces movement

Nerve tissue
- controls

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4
Q

Is tissue fixed or flexible?

A

fixed

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5
Q

Main functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • filtrations
  • secretion
  • sensory reception
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6
Q

Five characterisitics of epithelial tissue

A

Polarity
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated
Can regenerate

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7
Q

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

A

Form boundaries

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8
Q

Are cells polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

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9
Q

What are the specialized contacts that bind adjacent cells?

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
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10
Q

Epithelial tissues are supported by __ tissue

A

connective

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11
Q

what is the Basement Membrane is comprised of and what are it’s functions?

A
  • basal lamina + reticular lamina
  • reinforces epithelial sheet
  • resists stretching and tearing
  • defines epithelial boundary
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12
Q

Epithelial tissue is ____ but innervated

A

avascular

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13
Q

How is epithelial tissue nourished? Why does this happen?

A

Must be nourished by diffusion from underlying connective tissues

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14
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • filtrations
  • secretion
  • sensory reception
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15
Q

Label

A
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16
Q

In which layer are keratinocytes of the epidermis generated?

A

The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis. Mitosis of stem cells within this layer gives rise to the keratinocytes that comprise most of the cells of the superficial layers of the epidermis.

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17
Q

Which cell type found in the epidermis is associated with immune system defenses?

A

Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

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18
Q

made up of strong, flexible connective tissue. Its cells are typical of those found in any connective tissue proper: fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells.

A

The dermis

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19
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

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20
Q

What type of tissue comprises the papillary layer

A

Areolar connective

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21
Q

What type of tissue comprises the reticular dermis?

A

coarse, dense irregular connective tissue

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22
Q

What are striae?

A

White scars caused by extreme stretching of the skin;stretch marks

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23
Q

The deeper region of the dermis is formed primarily of which tissue type?

A

The deeper region of the dermis is the reticular layer and is formed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue. The abundance of collagen fibers in this layer gives skin strength and resiliency.

24
Q

Which of the following are not found within the dermis?

keratinocytes

fibroblasts

tactile corpuscles

blood vessels

A

Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes occupy the epidermis not the dermis.

25
Q

Melanin

A

Dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes; imparts color to skin and hair.

polymer made of an amino acid called tyrosine. Its two forms range in color from reddish yellow to brownish black

26
Q

Freckles and pigmented nevi (moles) are local accumulations of ___

A

Melanin

27
Q

Carotene

A

can be converted to vitamin A, a vitamin that is essential for normal vision, as well as for epidermal health

Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum epidermal layer and in fatty tissue of the subcutaneous tissue.

28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes.

29
Q

Cyanosis

A

hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, the skin may take on a bluish-gray tint, especially in the mucous membranes and nail beds.

Cyanosis can be a sign of respiratory or cardiovascular problems.

30
Q

Pallor/blanching

A

During emotional stress, blood may be diverted from the skin to internal organs, causing the person to look “as white as a sheet.

Low blood pressure and anemia (decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen) may also cause pallor.

31
Q

erythema

A

Redness of the skin
may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, inflammation, or allergy.

32
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowness
Normally the liver eliminates bilirubin, a waste from red cell breakdown. This yellow pigment accumulates in body tissues when the liver doesn’t function properly.

discoloration most obvious in the sclerae, or whites, of the eyes. Eating large amounts of yellow vegetables, which contain carotene, may cause golden skin, but the sclerae remain white.

33
Q

Brown or black “necklace,” or bruises

A

sometimes mistaken for a lack of cleanliness. These areas of velvety hyperpigmentation may be a sign of insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose.

34
Q

Five characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A

•Polarity
•Specialized contacts
•Supported by connective tissues
•Avascular, but innervated
•Can regenerate

35
Q

Label

A
36
Q

Functions of the Basement membrane

A

–Basal lamina + reticular lamina
–Reinforces epithelial sheet
–Resists stretching and tearing
–Defines epithelial boundary

37
Q

Label

A
38
Q

Which pigment is localized within the dermis?

A

Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a red pigment found in blood cells circulating through the dermal capillaries that produces the pinkish hue of fair skin.

39
Q

flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely of dead, keratinized cells

A

hairs

40
Q

Peripheral connective tissue sheath (fibrous sheath)

A

connective tissue sheath originating from the dermis and forming the outer layer of hair follicle wall

41
Q

connective tissue sheath originating from the dermis and forming the outer layer of hair follicle wall

A

Peripheral connective tissue sheath (fibrous sheath)

42
Q

Glassy membrane

A

at the junction of the fibrous sheath and epithelial root sheath

basically the basement membrane of the follicle epithelium

43
Q

at the junction of the fibrous sheath and epithelial root sheath

A

Glassy membrane

44
Q

Epithelial root sheath

A

derived from the epidermis and comprised of two parts: external root sheath and internal root sheath

45
Q

tiny smooth muscles attached to hair follicles that cause the hair to go upright

A

arrector pili

46
Q

vellus hair

A

body hair of children and adult women

47
Q

terminal hair

A

course hair of scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes

48
Q

terminal hairs grow in response to the stimulating effects of ___

A

androgens

49
Q

Which of the following is found outside the wall of the hair follicle?

arrector pili muscle
melanocytes
cortex
hair papilla

A

arrector pili muscle

50
Q

a fibrous protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structures hard and water resistant.

A

keratin

51
Q

sweat glands that are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. Each is a simple, coiled, tubular gland.

A

Eccrine sweat glands (ek′rin; “secreting”), also called merocrine sweat glands

52
Q

Sweating’s major role is to ___

A

prevent the body from overheating

53
Q

Emotionally induced sweating—the so-called “cold sweat” brought on by fright or nervousness—begins ____ and then spreads to other body areas.

A

begins at the palms, soles, and axillae (armpits) and then spreads

54
Q
  • glands that lie deeper in the dermis or even in the subcutaneous tissue, and their ducts empty into hair follicles.
  • The secretion is odorless, but when bacteria on the skin decompose its organic molecules, it takes on a musky and generally unpleasant odor, the basis of body odor.
  • two important types
A

apocrine sweat glands

55
Q

Two important types of modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous glands
- secretion found in the ear canal - mixes with sebum to make cerumen (earwax)

Mammary glands
- secrete milk

56
Q

Ceruminous glands and Mammary glands are both important types of __ glands

A

apocrine

57
Q

brached alveolar glands found all over except area of thick skin and secrete sebum

A

sebaceous glands

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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