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Genetics > Chapter Four: Sex Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Sex Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

Walter sutton studied meiosis in ___

A

grasshoppers

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2
Q

cells in the testes that will eventually go through meiosis to become sperm are maintained by ___

A

mitosis

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3
Q

two types of sperm formed after meiosis

A

half have X and have have Y

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4
Q

type of ehh formed after meiosis

A

all have X

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5
Q

does an XX chromosome always indicate a female for every animal

A

no

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6
Q

what did Sutton conclude about X and Y chromosomes

A

they are sex chromosomes that determine sex

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7
Q

children receive a ___ chromosome from their mother and a ___ chromosome from their father

A

X
X or Y

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8
Q

there is approximately a ___ ratio of females:males

A

1:1

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9
Q

the primary determinant of maleness is a single gene called ___

A

SRY (sex determining region of Y)

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10
Q

___ helped provide evidence implicating that the SRY gene determines male gender

A

sex reversal (XX males and XY females)

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11
Q

SRY is ___ in XX males
SRY is ___ in XY females

A

present
nonfunctional

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12
Q

human sex chromosomes also contain genes that are ___

A

unrelated to sex

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13
Q

the end regions of sex chromosomes that contain genes which enable sex chromosomes to pair during meiosis one

A

pseudoautosomal regions (PARs)

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14
Q

in Drosophila (flies), the ___ determines gender

A

ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, number of sex chromosomes

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15
Q

in humans, the ___ determines gender

A

presence or absence of a Y chromosome

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16
Q

why can humans tolerate extra X chromosomes

A

extra X chromosomes become nonfunctional in an XX female anyway, so the extra X chromosomes also become nonfunctional; may cause some issues but the individual is still viable

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17
Q

what is the nonfunctional X chromosome called

A

Barr body

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18
Q

complete absence of an X chromosome is ___ for humans and flies

A

deadly

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19
Q

effect of additional Y chromosomes in humans or flies

A

has little effect

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20
Q

the Y chromosome in flies does not determine ___, but it is necessary for ___. an XO male is ___

A

maleness
male fertility
sterile

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21
Q

sex with two different kinds of gametes (XY)

A

heterogametic

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22
Q

sex with one type of gamete (XX)

A

homogametic

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23
Q

in some species (lizards and turtles), sex is determined by ___, specifically ___

A

environment
temperature

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24
Q

specialized diploid cells set aside during embryogenesis that will eventually form gametes

A

germ line

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25
Q

gamete formation

A

gametogenesis

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26
Q

in humans, oogenesis produces ___ from each ___

A

one ovum
primary oocyte

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27
Q

in humans, spermatogenesis produces ___ from each ___

A

four sperm
primary spermatocyte

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28
Q

diploid germ cells in ovaries of female embryos

A

oogonia

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29
Q

oogonia divide via ___ to become ___ and arrest in prophase one before entering meiosis one

A

mitosis
primary oocytes

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30
Q

after puberty, one primary oocyte per month resumes meiosis at ___

A

ovulation

31
Q

completion of meiosis one in oogenesis produces ___ and ___

A

a large secondary oocyte
small first polar body

32
Q

secondary oocyte arrests in ___

A

metaphase of meiosis two

33
Q

at ___, meiosis two is completed to produce ___ and ___

A

fertilization
mature ovum
second polar body

34
Q

polar bodies ___

A

disintegrate

35
Q

long meiotic arrest may contribute to ___

A

chromosome segregation errors

36
Q

there are about ___ eggs in females, and they release about ___ in their lifetime

A

300,000-400,000
300-400

37
Q

diploid germ cells found only in testes

A

spermatogonia

38
Q

spermatogonia divide via ___ to form ___

A

mitosis
primary spermatocytes

39
Q

after puberty, ___ begins to form sperm

A

maturation

40
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis one to produce ___

A

two haploid secondary spermatocytes

41
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis two to produce ___

A

two spermatids

42
Q

spermatids mature into ___

A

sperm

43
Q

___ of X and Y sperm are produced

A

equal numbers

44
Q

spermatogenesis occurs throughout ___ of males

A

adult life

45
Q

entire process of spermatogenesis takes about ___

A

48-60 days

46
Q

___ of sperm produced over a male lifetime

A

billions

47
Q

why is it not smart for males to reproduce later in life

A

the occurrence of chromosome anomalies increases with age

48
Q

the wild type allele for flies is denoted with ___

A

superscript +

49
Q

the recessive mutant allele for flies is denoted with ___

A

lowercase letter

50
Q

gene symbol for white eye genes in flies is ___, for red eye gene is ___

A

w
w+

51
Q

a dominant mutant allele for flies is denoted with ___

A

uppercase letter

52
Q

gene symbol for normal eye in flies is ___, for abnormal eyes is ___

A

Bar+
Bar

53
Q

the drosophila white eye gene is located on the ___

A

X chromosome

54
Q

when daughters inherit the phenotype of their father and sons inherit the phenotype of their mother

A

crisscross inheritance

55
Q

crisscross inheritance occurs with ___ traits

A

X linked recessive

56
Q

because males only have one X chromosome, they have ___ as females with two X chromosomes

A

half the number of alleles

57
Q

reduced allele number due to sex-linkage and possession of a single sex chromosome rather than heterozygosity of autosomal alleles

A

hemizygosity

58
Q

a ___ mutation led to 1/2000 male progeny of flies of white females having red eyes

A

nondisjunction

59
Q

successfully predicting the movement of chromosomes based on phenotypes in drosophila provided compelling evidence that ___

A

specific genes exist and are transmitted via specific chromosomes

60
Q

chromosome theory explains that mutations can be heritable is they occur ___

A

in germ cell lines

61
Q

red-green colorblindness is inherited as ___ trait

A

X linked recessive

62
Q

x linked recessive traits never pass from ___

A

father to son

63
Q

daughters of affected males of a x linked recessive trait are ___, ___ of those daughters son’s will inherit the trait

A

carriers
1/2

64
Q

an x linked dominant trait is seen ___

A

in every generation

65
Q

a male affected with an x linked dominant trait will produce ___ daughters and ___ sons

A

affected
unaffected

66
Q

y linked traits show up in ___

A

only males

67
Q

hemophilia is a ___ triat

A

x linked recessive

68
Q

the first in a family tree to demonstrate a trait

A

proban

69
Q

hypophosphatemia is a ___ trait

A

x linked dominant

70
Q

in the early female embryo, each cell independently inactivates ___

A

one X chromosome (could be from mom or dad in each cell)

71
Q

___ in females arises from this independent inactivation of an X chromosome

A

mosaicism

72
Q

affect a structure or process found in only one sex

A

sex-limited traits

73
Q

appear in both sexes but hormonal differences may cause difference between the sexes

A

sex-influenced traits

Genetics (24 decks)

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