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Genetics > Chapter Nineteen: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter Nineteen: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

what are at least five ways to regulate gene expression in a eukaryote

A
  1. transcription initiation
  2. transcription processing
  3. mRNA export from the nucleus
  4. translation of mRNA
  5. protein localization
  6. protein modification
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2
Q

compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes have additional levels of complexity for controlling ___

A

gene expression

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3
Q

___ in eukaryotes often makes DNA unavailable to transcription machinery

A

chromatin structure

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4
Q

additional ___ processing events occur in eukaryotes

A

RNA

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5
Q

in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the ___ and translation occurs in the ___

A

nucleus
cytoplasm

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6
Q

gene regulation controls ___ into hundreds of specialized cell types

A

cell differentiation

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7
Q

RNA pol I transcribes ___
RNA pol II transcribes ___
RNA pol III transcribes ___

A

rRNA genes
genes that encode proteins
tRNA genes and some small RNAs

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8
Q

DNA sequence that is usually directly adjacent to the gene, where RNA polymerase binds

A

promoter

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9
Q

promoters in eukaryotes often have a ___

A

TATA box

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10
Q

genes that are expressed at low levels all the time

A

housekeeping genes

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11
Q

genes that make cells unique, expression is cell or time specific

A

luxury genes

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12
Q

there are ___ cell types in humans

A

200

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13
Q

a regulatory site that can be far away from the gene

A

enhancer

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14
Q

enhancers are binding sites for ___

A

transcription factors

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15
Q

enhancers still function when moved to different positions relative to promoter because of ___

A

flexibility of DNA

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16
Q

a ___ can tell you the location and time of gene expression

A

reporter gene

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17
Q

three general reporter genes

A
  1. GFP
  2. LacZ
  3. luciferase
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18
Q

GFP is ___ and has ___ sensitivity

A

fluorescent
high

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19
Q

lacZ is ___ and has ___ sensitivity

A

chromatogenic
medium

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20
Q

luciferase is ___ and has ___ sensitivity

A

luminescent
low

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21
Q

transcription factors are ___ that act in ___ to control ___

A

proteins
trans
transcription initiation

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22
Q

transcription factors bind to ___ and ___

A

promoters and enhancers

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23
Q

transcription factors recruit ___ to influence transcription

A

other types of proteins

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24
Q

three types of transcription factors

A
  1. basal factors
  2. activators
  3. repressors
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25
Q

basal factors bind to ___ of protein-encoding genes

A

promoters

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26
Q

a complex of more than 20 proteins needed most of the time for transcription of eukaryotic genes

A

mediator complex

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27
Q

mediator complex bridges ___ and ___

A

RNA pol II and enhancer

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28
Q

activators are responsible for much of the ___ in levels of transcription of different genes

A

variation

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29
Q

activators stimulate recruitment of ___ and ___ to promoters

A

basal factors and RNA pol II

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30
Q

activators recruit ___ to open chromatin structure

A

coactivators

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31
Q

activator proteins have at least ___ functional domains

A

two

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32
Q

most DNA binding proteins are dimers
true/false

A

true

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33
Q

domain that binds to a specific enhancer

A

DNA binding domain

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34
Q

domain that binds to other proteins

A

activation domain

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35
Q

domain that allows an activator to interact with other proteins

A

dimerization domain

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36
Q

two domains that every activator has

A

DNA binding domain
activation domain

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37
Q

two examples of a DNA binding domain

A
  1. helix-turn-helix
  2. zinc finger
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38
Q

DNA binding domains fit within the ___ of DNA

A

major groove

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39
Q

dimerization domains are specialized for ___ interactions

A

polypeptide-polypeptide

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40
Q

multimeric proteins made of identical subunits

A

homodimers

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41
Q

multimeric proteins made of nonidentical subunits

A

heterodimers

42
Q

repressor proteins suppress transcription initiation by recruiting ___

A

corepressors

43
Q

two alternate functions of corepressors

A
  1. prevent RNA pol II complex from binding to promoter
  2. modify histones to close chromatin structure
44
Q

the same transcription factor can play ___ roles in different cells

A

different

45
Q

repressor proteins can act through competition with an ___

A

activator protein

46
Q

interferes with the function of an activator

A

indirect repressor

47
Q

histone ___ affects transcription

A

modifications

48
Q

___ acetylate histone tails

A

histone acetyl transferase (HAT)

49
Q

many transcription factor ___ are HATs

A

coactivators

50
Q

histone acetylation ___ chromatin, which ___ gene expression

A

opens
favors

51
Q

___ methylate histone tails

A

histone methyltransferase (HMT)

52
Q

HMT can ___ or ___ transcription, some are ___ some are ___

A

activate or repress
coactivators
corepressors

53
Q

modifications made by HATs and HMTs can be taken off by ___ or ___

A

histone deacetylases ot histone demethylases

54
Q

in humans, ___ genes code for transcriptional regulatory proteins

A

2000, 10%

55
Q

each regulatory protein can act on ___

A

many genes

56
Q

each enhancer has binding sites with ___ affinities for activators and repressors

A

varying

57
Q

call-type specific transcription is achieved by changes in ___

A

transcription factors

58
Q

the function of trans acting proteins changes by ___, ___, or ___

A

allosteric interactions, modification of transcription factors, or transcription factor cascades

59
Q

tool for finding all target gens of a particular transcription factor within the entire genome of a. particular cell

A

chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq)

60
Q

two methods to see if a protein binds to DNA

A

DNA foot printing
ChIP-Seq

61
Q

sequences located between an enhancer and a promoter that block access to the promoter

A

insulators

62
Q

insulators organize genomic DNA into ___

A

loops

63
Q

human insulators bind ___ to form loops called ___

A

CTCF proteins
topologically associating domains (TADs)

64
Q

enhancers activate promoters located in the ___ loop

A

same

65
Q

scientists detect TADs through ___

A

chromatin conformation capture

66
Q

correct enhancer promoter reactions require specific TAD ___

A

boundaries

67
Q

mutations that disrupt TAD boundaries can alter ___

A

genes expression

68
Q

one form of ___ is due to deletion of TAD boundary between EPH4A and IHH genes

A

polydactyly

69
Q

post transcriptional regulation can occur at the level of ___ and ___

A

RNA and protein

70
Q

three mechanisms of RNA regulation

A

splicing, stability, and localization

71
Q

three mechanisms of protein regulation

A

synthesis, stability, modification, localization

72
Q

sex-specific courting behavior is controlled by male-specific ___

A

Fru-M

73
Q

Fru-M and Fru-F are produced by ___ of the ___ primary transcript

A

alternative splicing
same

74
Q

___ and ___ are expressed in females and clock use of a splice acceptor site, so the use of different ___ leads different Fruits proteins in males and females

A

Tra and Tra2
exons

75
Q

control of translation often occurs at ___

A

initiation

76
Q

the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes a complex structure built around the ___ of the mRNA

A

5’ cap

77
Q

eIFG protein binds to ___ at the poly-A tail to circularize mRNA

A

poly-A binding protein (PABP)

78
Q

mRNA translation can be regulated in response to ___ in the environment

A

nutrients

79
Q

presence of nutrients and growth factors int he environment leads to ___ of 4E-NP1

A

phosphorylation

80
Q

translation can also be controlled through ___ length

A

poly-A tail

81
Q

longer poly-A tails bind PABP ___ efficiently than shorter tails, so the translation initiation complex forms ___ efficiently

A

more
more

82
Q

upstream ORFs that begin with a decoy AUG and encode small peptides that have no function

A

decoy ORF

83
Q

the decoy ORF mechanism is used in the drosophila ___ pathway

A

sex differentiation

84
Q

ribosomal profiling measures translation ___

A

efficiency

85
Q

the amount of gene product does not always correlate with the amount of ___

A

mRNA

86
Q

ribosome profiling allows researchers to observe ___ of ribosomes on mRNA

A

positions

87
Q

specialized RNAs that prevent expression of specific genes through complementary base pairing, 21-30 nt long

A

small RNAs

88
Q

small RNAs regulate mRNA ___ and ___

A

stability and translation

89
Q

three classes of small RNAs

A
  1. micro-RNAs (miRNAs)
  2. small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
  3. piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs)
90
Q

miRNAs target ___; function to ___ translation and ___ mRNAs

A

mRNA
block
destabilize

91
Q

siRNAs target ___ and ___; function to ___ translation/___ mRNA and recruit histone modifying enzymes to DNA resulting in ___

A

mRNA and nascent transcripts of chromosomal regions destined to become heterochromatin
block
destabilize
heterochromatin formation

92
Q

piRNAs target ___; function to ___ TE mRNA and facilitate histone modifications that inhibit ___

A

transposable element transcripts and promoters
degrade
transposable element transcription

93
Q

most miRNA are transcribed by ___

A

RNA pol II

94
Q

two ways miRNAs can down regulate expression of target genes

A
  1. when complementary is perfect, target mRNA is degraded
  2. when complementary is imperfect, translation of mRNA target is repressed
95
Q

siRNAs are useful experimental tools to selectively ___ of target genes through ___ interference

A

known down expression
RNA

96
Q

piRNAs minimize ___

A

transposable element mobilization

97
Q

the ___ of X chromosomes determines sex in drosophila

A

number

98
Q

maleness is brought about by the present of ___ X chromosome

A

one

99
Q

two X chromosomes are required to activate transcription of the ___ gene in early drosophila embryogenesis

A

Sxl

100
Q

Sxl transcription influences sex through these three pathways

A
  1. male vs. female appearance and behavior
  2. development of germ cells as eggs or sperm
  3. dosage compensation
101
Q

sex lethal (Sxl) gene encodes an RNA binding protein that controls the ___ of RNA targets

A

alternative splicing

102
Q

Sxl transcription is necessary for ___ development

A

female

Genetics (24 decks)

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