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Genetics > Chapter Nine: the flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein > Flashcards

Chapter Nine: the flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

pairing of ___ is key to transfer information from DNA to RNA to protein

A

complementary bases

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2
Q

___ of DNA, RNA, and proteins help guide mechanisms of gene expression

A

polarity (directionality)

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3
Q

the flow of genetic information from DNA via RNA to protein

A

gene expression

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4
Q

triplet codons of nucleotides represent individual ___

A

amino acids

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5
Q

a gene’s nucleotide sequence is ___ with the amino acid sequence of the encoded peptide

A

colinear

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6
Q

each nucleotide is part of only ___

A

one codon

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7
Q

studies of ___ showed that codons consist of three nucleotides

A

frameshift mutations

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8
Q

the beginning of a gene establishes a ___ that contains a start and stop codon with multiples of 3 in between

A

reading frame

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9
Q

change grouping of nucleotides as a result of an insertion or deletion

A

frameshift mutations

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10
Q

combinations of ___ mutations restore the reading frame

A

3+ or 3-

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11
Q

template strand of DNA is ___ to mRNA

A

complementary

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12
Q

RNA-like strand of DNA has the same ___ and ___ as mRNA

A

polarity and sequence

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13
Q

5’ to 3’ in the mRNA corresponds to the ___ terminus in the polypeptide

A

N to C

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14
Q

single nucleotide substitutions, conform to the genetic code

A

missense mutations

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15
Q

genetic code is almost ___

A

universal

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16
Q

DNA sequences that provide the signal to RNA polymerase for starting transcription

A

promoters

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17
Q

RNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the ___ direction

A

5’ - 3’

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18
Q

DNA sequences that provide the signal to RNA polymerase for stopping transcription

A

terminators

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19
Q

steps of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence
  2. sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase to form a holoenzyme
  3. region of DNA is unwound to form open promoter complex
  4. phosphodiester bonds form between the first two ribonucleotides
  5. sigma factor separates from RNA polymerase
  6. core RNA polymerase loses affinity for promoter, moves in 3’ to 5’ direction on the template strand of DNA
  7. within transcription bubble, NTPs are added to 3’ end of nascent mRNA
  8. transcription stops when a termination sequence is reached
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20
Q

eukaryotic genes have ___ that are required for efficient transcription

A

enhancers

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21
Q

the single strand RNA that results from transcription

A

primary transcript

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22
Q

in prokaryotes, the primary transcript is ___

A

the mRNA

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23
Q

in eukaryotes, the primary transcript is ___

A

processed to make mRNA

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24
Q

3 post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes

A
  1. 5’ methylated cap added
  2. 3’ poly-A-tail added
  3. introns removed by RNA splicing
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25
Q

expressed regions, sequences found in a gene’s DNA and mature mRNA

A

exons

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26
Q

intervening regions, sequences found in DNA but not in RNA

A

introns

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27
Q

___ cut out introns

A

enzymes

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28
Q

exons can be ___ after splicing

A

shuffled

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29
Q

three short sequences in the primary transcript that determine where splicing occurs

A

splice donor
branch site
splice acceptor

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30
Q

two ___ remove an intron

A

sequential cuts

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31
Q

splicing is catalyzed by the ___

A

spliceosome

32
Q

two bodies that are made up of RNA and protein

A

ribosomes
spliceosomes

33
Q

___ produces different mRNAs from the same primary transcript

A

alternative splicing

34
Q

carry specific amino acids and match with mRNA code for assembly of a protein

A

tRNAs

35
Q

each tRNA has an ___ that is complementary to an mRNA ___

A

anticodon
codon

36
Q

a specific tRNA is ___ to a specific amino acid

A

covalently coupled

37
Q

tRNA that is bound to an amino acid

A

charged tRNA

38
Q

primary structure of tRNA

A

nucleotide sequence

39
Q

secondary structure of tRNA

A

cloverleaf shape, due to base pairing of short complementary sequences within the tRNA

40
Q

tertiary structure of tRNA

A

L shape, formed by 3-dimensional folding

41
Q

catalyze attachment of tRNAs to specific amino acids

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthases

42
Q

flexibility in base pairing between 3’ nucleotide in codon and 5’ nucleotide in anticodon

A

wobble

43
Q

the ___ base has wobble ability

A

third

44
Q

tRNAs have ___ bases

A

unusual

45
Q

___ are the site of polypeptide synthesis

A

ribosomes

46
Q

a ribosome has two subunits composed of ___ and ___

A

RNA and protein

47
Q

ribosomes only assemble when ___

A

they’re needed

48
Q

subunit that binds to mRNA

A

small subunit

49
Q

subunit that has peptide transferase activity, catalyzes formation of peptide bonds

A

large subunit

50
Q

in prokaryotes, ribosomes bind to a ___ and an ___

A

shine-dalgarno box
AUG

51
Q

three sequential steps of transcription initiation in prokaryotes

A
  1. small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
  2. fMet-tRNA positioned in P site
  3. large subunit binds
52
Q

steps of translation in prokaryotes

A
  1. small ribosomal subunit binds to 5’ cap then migrates to the first AUG codon
  2. a charged tRNA brings in Met and binds to the mRNA codon in the P site of the ribosome
  3. the large ribosomal subunit binds and begins activity
  4. the next charged tRNA brings in the next amino acid corresponding to the nest codon
  5. peptide bond is formed between Met and the second amino acid
  6. continues until ribosome reaches a stop codon where the polypeptide is released and the ribosomal subunits break apart
53
Q

complex of several ribosomes translating from the same mRNA

A

polyribosome

54
Q

sometimes ___ or ___ are required to activate the newly translated protein

A

enzymatic cleavage or addition of chemical constituents

55
Q

the nucleus separates ___ and ___ in eukaryotes

A

transcription and translation

56
Q

eukaryotic promoters are influenced by ___

A

enhancers

57
Q

translation ___ differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

initiation

58
Q

mutations that do not alter amino acid sequence

A

silent mutations

59
Q

mutations that replace one amino acid with another

A

missense mutations

60
Q

missense mutation in which chemical properties of mutant amino acid are similar to the original amino acid

A

conservative

61
Q

missense mutation in which chemical properties of mutant amino acids are different from the original amino acid

A

nonconservative

62
Q

mutations that change the codon that encodes an amino acid to a stop codon

A

nonsense mutations

63
Q

nonsense mutations result in a ___

A

truncated protein

64
Q

mutations that result from insertion or deletion of nucleotides within the coding region

A

frameshift mutations

65
Q

loss-of-function mutant alleles are usually ___ to wild-type

A

recessive

66
Q

mutation that completely blocks function of a gene produce

A

null (amorphsc) mutations

67
Q

mutation that produces less of wild-type protein, or less effective mutant protein

A

hypomorphic mutations

68
Q

some loss-of-function alleles can show ___

A

incomplete dominance

69
Q

some loss-of-function alleles are ___ to wild-type

A

dominant

70
Q

one wild-type allele does not produce enough gene product to avoid mutant phenotype

A

haploinsufficiency

71
Q

gain-of-function mutations are usually ___

A

dominant

72
Q

generate more gene product or the same amount of a more efficient gene produce

A

hypermorphic mutations

73
Q

generate gene product with new function or that is expressed at an inappropriate time or place

A

neomorphic mutations

74
Q

example of a neomorphic mutation

A

ectopic expression of leg-determining gene in structures that normally produce antennae in Drosophila

75
Q

___ alleles prevent the normal protein from functioning

A

antimorphic (dominant negative)

76
Q

mutations in genes encoding the components of gene expression have ___

A

global effects

Genetics (24 decks)

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