psych 4 Flashcards
sexual motivation hormones:
Organizational effects
- renatal exposure to androgens alters the neural circuits in brain and spinal cord, Adult behaviour of androgenized subject is masculine
Activational effects:
- alteration of adult levels of hormones can alter the intensity of a behavior that is modulated by that hormone
- Pheromones
- Environmental cues
Evolutionary Analysis of Human Sexual Behavior
- Parental investment
- Patterns of sexual activity
- Differences in mate preferences
- jealousy
Affiliation Motives
- Need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.
- Companionship, friendship, and love
- Evolutionary bases
Safety, grooming, survival - Rejection, Loss of intimate, Loneliness (anxiety, jealousy, and depression)
Achievement Motives
Need for Achievement
- need to do well, to succeed, and to avoid failure
- Persons who have a high level of need for achievement tend to choose moderately difficult tasks
-Enjoy being challenged
- Avoid failure
- Work more persistently
- Enjoy success
Emotion
Emotions have valence:
-positive or negative
Emotions have 3 components:
- Physiological arousal
- Subjective experience
- Behavioural expression
Taxonomy of Emotions
How many basic emotional states?
Between 5 and 9 basic states:
The common 5 include
- anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgust
Additional emotional states include surprise, contempt, shame, guilt, joy, and trust
Taxonomy of Emotions
Emotional valence may be related to activity in the nervous system
Positive: activity of dopamine systems
Negative: activity of norepinephrine systems
Neuropsychology of Emotion
Dual processing of emotions:
- Activation of the amygdala produces visceral responses
- Cortical activation allows for use of memory in understanding emotional stimuli
- Limbic system
Schachter and Singer
cognitive judgements are a critical part of emotional experience:
Subjects are aroused by an injection of adrenaline and then exposed to anger or happiness cues
The emotional cues played a prominent role in emotional experience
Happiness as an Emotion
- characterized by a positive valence
- related to cultural values (highest in individualistic cultures, lowest in collectivist cultures)
- Highly correlated with number of uninterrupted years of democracy in a country
NOT RELATED TO:
Gender
Age
Wealth
sex
properties of people that determine their classification as male or female
used to classify sex, including chromosomes, gonads, hormones, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics
Chromosomes
- packages of DNA that carry our genes
- humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one of each pair provided by each parent
- The 23rd pair differs across the sexes and is referred to as the sex chromosomes because the pair determines a person’s genetic sex
chromosomes
females
Both sex chromosomes are alike and are called X chromosomes because they each look like an X
chromosomes
males
Have one x and one y chromosome—the latter looks similar to an upside-down y
growth spurt
- Girls (starts at age 9, peaks at 11½)
- Boys (starts at age 11½, peaks at 13½)
gonads
- Part of the endocrine system
- Glands that produce sex hormones
Generate ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males—the cells used in reproduction - female gonads are ovaries
- male gonads are testicles
Androgynous
- Having attributes that are typically associate with both genders
- People who are low on both dimensions are referred to as undifferentiated