test 3 Flashcards
(217 cards)
memory
the retention and retrieval of information or experience over time
- occurs through three processes: encoding, storage, retrieval
3 processes of memory
1: encoding
2: storage
3: retrieval
encoding
information gets into memory
- requires effort
- must pay attention, process deeply, elaborate and use mental imagery
- e.g. listening to a lecture, you encode information into memory
depth of processing
- according to the processing deeper processing stimuli produces better memory
levels of processing
-level of memory processing
- shallow, intermediate, deep
- deeper processing producing better memory
shallow processing
- noting physical features of a stimulus
- e.g. shapes of the letter mom
intermediate processing
giving stimulus a label
- as in reading the word mom
deep processing
thinking about the meaning of a stimulus
- thinking about the meaning of the word mom and about your own mother
elaboration
(deep processing)
formation of a number of different connections around the stimulus at any given level of memory
self-reference
relating material to your own experience
- helps to elaborate deeply on information
- drawing links to your own life
hippocampus activated:
when individuals are using elaboration during encoding
mental imagery
- most powerful way to remember
- person makes up pictures that are associated with each thing that needs to be remembered
Paivio’s argument
memory is stored in one of two ways: verbal code (word or label) or image code
dual code hypothesis
(Paivio)
memory for pictures is better than memory for words and pictures
- pictures are stores in both image codes and verbal codes
storage
encompasses how information is retained overtime and how it is represented in memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin theory
memory storage involved 3 separate systems
1: sensory memory: time frames of a second to several seconds
2: short-term memory: time frames up to 30 seconds
3: long-term memory: time frames up to a lifetime
sensory memory
holds information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant
- rich & detailed
- loose information quickly unless we use strategies that transfer into short term or long term memory
echoic memory
(echo)
auditory sensory memory
- retained in several seconds
iconic memory
(icon = image)
retained for about one-quarter of a second
short-term memory
- limited capacity memory system
- information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it for longer
- passive storehouse
individuals are limited in how much information they can keep without external aids
range of 7 +- 2
chunking
grouping or “packing” information into higher-order units
- can be remembered as single units
working memory
combination of components
- short term memory and attention
- allow us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks
- beneficial in early detention stage of Alzhimers disease
3 part model of working memory
- phonological loop
- visa-spatial sketchpad
- central executive