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Developmental Psychology > Unit 1 (Ch. 1) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Ch. 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

stability and change over time

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2
Q

Lifespan

A

Change at all ages from prenatal development to death

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3
Q

Nature-Nurture

A

Nature: biological / genetic factors that give rise to a certain behavior / characteristic

Nurture: influenced by environment and one’s experiences

*they interact!

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4
Q

Continuity

A

Quantitative change
-path marked by smooth progression
-EX: height

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5
Q

Discontinuity

A

Qualitative change
-path marked by abrupt shifts
-Any type of stage theory
-EX: Growth spurt

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6
Q

Universal-Context-specific

A

Universal: happens regardless of experience
-strong on the NATURE side
-one path that is similar across individuals and cultures
-EX: puberty (milestones)

Context-specific: many paths and the path depends on the experience
-EX: Age of puberty (due to malnutrition, sports early on)

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7
Q

what are the four interacting forces in Biopsychosocial Framework?

A

1) biological forces: hormones, genes, health conditions

2) sociocultural forces: background, ethnicity, culture, peers, family

3) psychological forces: personality, emotions

4) Life-cycle forces: same event is going to give a different outcome depending on the stage of development you are in
-EX: Pregnancy (teenage vs adult)

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8
Q

what should theories provide?

A

-Description of bx (WHAT the bx looks like)
-Explanation of bx (WHY the bx looks like it does)
-Prediction of bx (Bx should appear in certain ways under certain conditions)

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9
Q

what is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A

-your personality will develop across the lifespan through a sequences of fixed stages
-each stage there is a challenge or crisis you must overcome in order to move onto the next stage
-DISCONTINUOUS

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10
Q

what is Watson and Skinner theory of Behaviorism?

A

Bx is determined by experience (nature vs nurture)
-NURTURE side

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11
Q

what did Watson discover?

A

classical conditioning
-US (noise) -> UR (crying)
-CS (furry animals) + US (noise) -> UR (crying)
-CS (furry animals) -> CR (crying)

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12
Q

what did Skinner discover?

A

operant conditioning
-reinforcement (increases bx)
-punishment (decreases bx)

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13
Q

positive and negative reinforcement

A

(+): ADDING something to increase a bx
-Candy for good grades

(-): TAKING AWAY something to increase bx
-Taking away chores to get better grades

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14
Q

positive and negative punishment

A

(+): ADDING something to decrease a bx
-shoveling snow for cursing

(-): TAKING AWAY something to decrease bx
taking away phone to stop getting bad grades

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15
Q

what is Bandura’s Social (cognitive) Learning Theory?

A

People learn by observing others (nurture)
-The person doesn’t have to experience it, they can watch other people experience something
-They don’t exactly mimic

EX: If they see someone is aggressive by punching, the kids taking punching as violence and use other methods of violence such as guns

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16
Q

what is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

A

Children construct their own understanding of the world
-Universal stages of development
-DISCONTINUOUS (qualitative)
-Abrupt shifts in thinking

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17
Q

what are the four stages of the theory of cognitive thinking?

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational

  1. learning through actions & senses
    (birth-2)
  2. learning through language & mental images (2-7)
  3. learning through logical thinking & categories
    (7-12)
  4. learning through hypothetical thinking & scientific reasoning
    (12+)
18
Q

what is Bronenbrenner’s Ecological Theory?

A

a developing person is embedded in series of systems
-Several systems impact how a child develops

19
Q

what are the four systems in the ecological theory?

A

microsystem: Parents to child
mesosystem: Friends to child
exosystem: Social policy to child
Macrosystem: Ethnic group to child

20
Q

what is Baltes Life-span approach?

A

Must pay attention to…
-Multidirectional: growth and decline
-Plasticity: flexibility, adaptation to circumstance
-Historical context
-Multiple causation: biopsychosocial forces

21
Q

what is reliable?

A

-you are able to replicate the experiment
-get the same answer every time

22
Q

what is validity?

A

-measures what you intend to measure
-Does the ACT really determine college capabilities?

23
Q

what is a representative sample?

A

does the small group of people tested accurately depict the population of study

24
Q

what are two types of Systematic Observation?

A

naturalistic & structured

25
Q

what is naturalistic observation?

A

observing someone in their day-to-day life, they are unaware they are being observed
-NOT MANIPULATING an environment

26
Q

what is structured observation?

A

anytime you are manipulating anything in the environment

27
Q

what are Behavioral Tasks?

A

-Analyze performance of a task
-Test emotional components

28
Q

what is Self Report?

A

Surveys, interviews

29
Q

what is Physiological tests?

A

Heart Rate, cortisol levels, MRI, EEG’s

30
Q

what is a Longitudinal study?

A

studying same group of people repeatedly over time
-spans over several years

EX: Kochanska investigates children’s internalization of social rules from infancy through early childhood
-All members of the cohort visit the lab every few months/years

31
Q

what is a Cross-Sectional study?

A

study different aged people, studied one time
-you make inferences as they develop
-more common

EX: Examining how 4 yr olds, 5 yr olds, and adults remember the locations of objects
-Three groups of participants visit the lab one time

32
Q

what is a Sequential study?

A

multiple groups tested at multiple points in time (same groups)
-combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
-can compare the different aged groups over a long period of time without making inferences

EX: Seattle project studies cognitive functioning of multiple cohorts of adults over many years
-Study different groups over many years

33
Q

what is a Microgenetic study?

A

study same individuals at several time points close together in time
-Mini longitudinal study (Weeks / Months apart)

EX: Siegler investigates math strategy development
-Children solve math problems twice a week for a few weeks

34
Q

what is a Correlational study?

A

-seek relation among variables
-cannot manipulate the variables
-measures direction and strength of relation

35
Q

what is positive correlation?

A

both are going same direction (both going up, both going down)

perfect positive: +1.00

36
Q

what is negative correlation?

A

inversely related (ones going up & ones going down)

perfect negative: -1.00

37
Q

what do you look at when looking at the direction of correlation?

A

look at the (+) and (-)

38
Q

what do you look at when looking at the strength of correlation?

A

look at the number!
-Closer to 1.00, the stronger the relationship

0.00: not strong
1.00: strong!

39
Q

why does correlation NOT equal causation?

A

Directionality Problem
-You don’t know if A causes B or if B causes A

Third Variable Problem
-you don’t know if there is something else driving the relationship

40
Q

what are Experimental Studies?

A

-effect of the independent variable on dependent variable
-depends on random assignment to conditions
-control groups are tested
-can determine CAUSATION!!

EX: the effects of breastfeeding upon intelligence
-Independent variable: breastfeeding & not breastfeeding
-Dependent variable: standardized intelligence test

41
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

-what you are manipulating
-We control everything!
-We cannot let the groups decide what they are doing

42
Q

what is an dependent variable?

A

-what you are measuring

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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