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Developmental Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 9 Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

A

Linguistic
Logico-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
Existential
“Logan Loves So Many Bolts In Igloos Now Everyone”

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2
Q

what is linguistic intelligence?

A

-Sensitivity to sound, rhythm, meaning of language
-Comprehension, analogies

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3
Q

what is logico-mathematical intelligence?

A

-Sensitivity to logical & numerical patterns
-MATH

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4
Q

what is spatial intelligence?

A

-Ability to perceive, mentally transform, & recreate visuospatial world accurately
-Matching picture to real life

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5
Q

what is musical intelligence?

A

-Ability to produce & appreciate pitch, rhythm, and melody

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6
Q

what is Body-kinesthetic intelligence?

A

-Ability to use body skillfully for expressiveness & to achieve goals
-ATHLETIC

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7
Q

what is interpersonal intelligence?

A

-Ability to detect & respond to moods & intentions of others
-OTHER PEOPLE

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8
Q

what is intrapersonal intelligence?

A

-Ability to discriminate own feelings, strengths, desires and use them to guide bx
-YOURSELF

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9
Q

what is naturalist intelligence?

A

Ability to recognize & classify animals, minerals, plants

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10
Q

what is Existential intelligence?

A

-Considering ultimate issues (purpose of life, nature of death)
-Handling death

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11
Q

what is Reliability?

A

Does it yield that same score consistently?
-If I take it today, it should be the same score next week

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12
Q

what is Validity?

A

Does it measure what you intend for it to measure?
-Is it really measuring intelligence

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13
Q

what is Dynamic Testing?

A

-Measures learning potential by having child learn something new with examiner’s help
-Instead of static knowledge
-Reveals potential to acquire skill, not current level of skill
-Vygotsky approach

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14
Q

what are four Group Differences in IQ?

A

Socioeconomic status (SES)
Race / ethnicity
Gender
Generation

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15
Q

how does SES impact intelligence?

A

-higher occupations -> higher IQ for children
-Areas of poverty having lower quality schools
-Parents unable to help child with HW and learning
-No encouragement
-Nutrition
-Home environment
-In US, middle SES children score 9 points higher than low SES children

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16
Q

how does Race / ethnicity impact intelligence?

A

-Asian > White > Hispanics > Blacks
-Can be related to SES
-Cultural differences
-priority of school work
-Language differences
-In US, Asian children score 3 points higher than whites, who score 7 points higher than hispanics, who score 8 points higher than blacks

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17
Q

how does gender impact intelligence?

A

Females: better with language
Males: better with visuospatial items, abstract math / science

VERY SMALL DIFFERENCE

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18
Q

how does generation impact intelligence?

A

Flynn Effect
-IQ scores have increased 15-20 points since 1950
-Difference in environments (EX: technology)

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19
Q

what are four general factors that can impact IQ?

A

Genetic influences
Test Bias
Stereotype threat
Home environment and community

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20
Q

how can genetic influences impact IQ?

A

Twin studies
-IQ correlation higher b/w MZ twins (identical) than b/w DZ twins

Adoption studies
-IQ more related to biological mom’s IQ than adoptive mother’s home
-Environment impacts

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21
Q

how does test bias impact IQ?

A

If it tests culturally specific knowledge & skills that not all had an equal opportunity to learn, then it’s not a fair measurement of intelligence

EX: “a conductor is to an orchestra as a teacher is to what”

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22
Q

how does the stereotype threat impact IQ?

A

Knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance

“Girls perform worse than men on math”, girls then perform worse

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23
Q

what is Socialization when it comes to parenting?

A

Teaching children values, roles, and bxs of their culture
-Not automatic, must be TAUGHT!
-Parents, peers, media, teachers, etc. play an important role

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24
Q

what is the parenting style called that has high control and high warmth?

A

Authoritative Parenting

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25
Q

what is the parenting style called that has low control and high warmth?

A

Indulgent-permissive

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26
Q

what is the parenting style called that has high control and low warmth?

A

Authoritarian Parenting

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27
Q

what is the parenting style called that has low control and low warmth?

A

Indifferent-uninvolved

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28
Q

what is authoritative parenting?

A

Explains rules and how to follow them
Encourages discussion & communication
Responsive to child’s emotional needs and cognitive abilities

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29
Q

what is the outcome of authoritative parenting?

A

responsible, self-reliant, and friendly children
-They are able to discuss and learn from mistakes
-See other POVs and their opinion

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30
Q

what is authoritarian parenting?

A

Rules expected to be followed without discussion
-Childrens POV isn’t valued
-Expect hard work, respect, obedience
-Common in military families and families with low socioeconomic status (Due to high stressed parents)

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31
Q

what is the outcome of authoritarian parenting?

A

lower self-esteem, fewer social skills, aggressive
-Aggression due to feeling like they aren’t valued, follow their role models

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32
Q

what is indulgent-permissive parenting?

A

-Let children do as they please
-Little punishment
-Parents act like a friend

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33
Q

what is the outcome of indulgent-permissive parenting?

A

impulsive, easily frustrated
-Don’t understand how to live in the real world
-Don’t know how to follow rules

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34
Q

what is indifferent-uninvolved parenting?

A

-Provide for basic needs, but little else
-Minimal time spent with children
-Not emotionally involved with children

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35
Q

what is the outcome of indifferent-uninvolved parenting?

A

low self-esteem, impulsive, aggressive, moody
-Don’t know how to regulate emotions
-Try to get their parents attention

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36
Q

what are three ways parents influence children? how?

A

Direct Instruction: telling child what to do, when, why
Modeling: learn by watching and doing the same
Feedback: indicate which bxs are appropriate

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37
Q

what is (+) and (-) reinforcement?

A

(+): adding something to increase Bx
EX: Add a star to sticker chart

(-): taking away something to increase Bx
EX: taking away chores

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38
Q

what is (+) and (-) punishment?

A

(+): adding something to decrease Bx
EX: Adding spanking

(-): taking away something to decrease Bx
EX: taking away phone

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39
Q

what are ways you can have Effective Feedback?

A

-Directly follows bx
-Consistent
-Accompanied by explanation and steps to take in the future
-In context of warm parent-child relationship
-Appropriate for child’s cognitive and socioemotional development (Time-Out vs liking alone time)

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40
Q

what is the Negative Reinforcement Trap?

A

Giving in to whining, yelling, or arguing
-Parents unintentionally reinforce Bxs they wish to discourage

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41
Q

what is the Developmental Trend of peers as you age?

A

-When you are younger, you are friends with those that you are surrounded by
-As you get older, you are friends with people that you have similar interests with

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42
Q

what is a friend to a preschooler?

A

-Who is in your proximity
-Enjoy playing together

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43
Q

what is a friend to an 8-11 yr old?

A

“real” friendships start to form
-Similar interests
-Trust & assistance (telling secrets)

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44
Q

what is a friend to an Adolescent?

A

-Reciprocity
-Loyalty
-Intimacy

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45
Q

what are the 5 categories in which children are placed based on peer acceptance?

A

Popular Children
Rejected Children
Controversial Children
Average Children
Neglected Children

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46
Q

what makes them a popular child?

A

Highest levels of sociability & academic functioning
-Lots of positive votes (23%)
-short lived but stable

47
Q

what makes them a rejected child?

A

-More aggressive, hostile, hyperactive, socially awkward, unhappy, alienated, poorly achieving
-Actively disliked (20%)
-Children are bullied
-long lives and stable

48
Q

what makes them a controversial kid?

A

Combination of positive and negative, TOP or BOTTOM (7%)
-Aggressive, social, decent academics
-unstable position

49
Q

what makes them an average kid?

A

Mixture of ratings, MIDDLE (30%)
-Seem average, usually well adjusted
-unstable position

50
Q

what makes them a neglected kid?

A

Few positive or negative (20%)
-Usually well adjusted (they like to be alone)
-unstable position

51
Q

can parents have an impact on if their child is rejected?

A

YES
poor discipline -> impulsive -> rejection -> hanging out with bad kids -> bad bxs as an adult

52
Q

what are peer groups?

A

Focal point of social relationships during late childhood and early adolescence
-each have unique values & standards for bx

53
Q

what is the difference b/w Cliques and crowds?

A

Cliques: 5-7 good friends

Crowds: jocks, brains, druggies, partiers, preps, etc.
They don’t’ all necessarily all hang out with each other

54
Q

what main position do peer groups thrive under?

A

Dominance hierarchy
-Leader & members w/ various levels of power

55
Q

do highschoolers or elementary kids hang out mainly with kids of the same sex as them?

A

elementary kids

56
Q

what three roles do parents have in Peer Relationships early in development?

A

Gatekeeping (deciding who is good or bad friend)
Coaching (teaching them how to make friends)
Modeling (model good bx)

57
Q

when does adolescence begin?

A

Onset of puberty
Shift from elementary school to middle school (~11 yrs)

58
Q

when does adolescence end?

A

Economically self-sufficient
Assume several adult roles (~mid-20s)

59
Q

what are primary and secondary characteristics in puberty?

A

primary: linked to reproduction
secondary: physical appearance

60
Q

for girls that mature early, do they feel they are at an advantage or disadvantage? (characteristics)

A

Disadvantage relative to later maturing girls
-Below average popularity, lack self-confidence, withdrawn, less positive body image, do adult things

61
Q

for boys that mature early, do they feel they are at an advantage or disadvantage? (characteristics)

A

Disadvantage relative to later maturing boys
-Depression, substance abuse, sexual activity

62
Q

what characteristics do girls who mature later have?

A

Physically attractive, poised, leader

63
Q

what characteristics do boys who mature later have?

A

Anxious, less poised, attention seeking bx

64
Q

for adolescence, what are mood changes associated with?

A

changes in activities and social settings
-GOOD mood when with friends
-BAD mood when with parents

65
Q

what is Morality?

A

set of principles that allows person to determine right from wrong

66
Q

what are three components to morality?

A

emotional, cognitive, behavioral

67
Q

what is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

A

Moral dilemmas (conflict situations)
-Interested in reasoning to justify decision, not decision itself
-Not yes or no for the decision, it’s the WHY
-Stage theory!

68
Q

what are the three levels of moral reasoning? describe them

A

preconventional: external forces (authority, reward & punishment, low morality, EX: children)

conventional: conform to social norms, medium morality, adults

postconventional: personal moral code, personal principles, high morality, everyone has their own principle of morality

69
Q

what are the six stages of moral reasoning?

A
  1. Obedience Orientation
  2. Instrumental Orientation
  3. Interpersonal Norms Orientation
  4. Social System Orientation
  5. Social Contract Orientation
  6. Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
70
Q

what is Obedience Orientation?

A

Obey authority and avoid punishment
They don’t want a punishment
Authority isn’t necessarily the law (wife, God, etc.)

71
Q

what is Instrumental Orientation?

A

Nice bx in exchange for future favors (self-interest)
All about ME (getting a reward)

72
Q

what is interpersonal norms orientation?

A

Meet others’ expectations to maintain affection & approval
Want to be looked at as a good boy/girl
Approval from others

73
Q

what is social system orientation?

A

Follow rules to maintain social system
Follow the law!
Not to avoid punishment
Just to avoid total chaos in the public

74
Q

what is social contract orientation?

A

Rules = flexible instruments for furthering human purposes
Adhere when valid to further human purposes
Must save the life!

75
Q

what is the universal ethical principle?

A

Personal, abstract principles are valid for all
Justice, caring for others
I apply this no matter what circumstances, UNIVERSAL

76
Q

What aids moral understanding?

A

Discussion (see other POVs)
Gains in perspective-taking skills
Disequilibrium (actively grappling with moral issues, listening and changing your opinion)

77
Q

according to Erik Erikson, what stage am I in? describe it

A

Identity vs Role Confusion (11–21 yrs)
-You must figure out who you are to move on to participate in a romantic relationship

78
Q

according to Maria, what are the four states of adolescent identity formation?

A

Diffusion
Moratorium
Foreclosure
Identity Achievement

79
Q

what is diffusion?

A

low commitment, low Crisis/Exploration
-Overwhelmed with the task of achieving identity
Common in children

EX: doesn’t vote, didn’t bother to look into it

80
Q

what is Moratorium?

A

low commitment, high crisis/exploration
-Examining different alternatives but has not found satisfactory one

EX: do all the research, but still don’t know who to vote for
Too much information

81
Q

what is foreclosure?

A

high Commitment, low Crisis/Exploration
-Status determined by adults, not personal exploration
-Committed because of other people’s opinions

EX: voted, but parents told you who to vote for

82
Q

what is identity achievement?

A

high Commitment, high Crisis/Exploration
-Has explored alternatives and chosen specific identity
-Common in adults

EX: did the research, and voted

83
Q

How can adults help adolescents achieve identity? (3)

A

Teen’s autonomy
-They are different from other siblings & parents

Encourage exploration or alternatives
-Don’t stress them out

Exemplify mature, thoughtful problem solving and living
-Having a why for their decision

84
Q

what are the four characteristics of adolescent thought?

A

-Adolescent egocentrism
-Imaginary audience
-Personal Fable
-Illusion of invulnerability

85
Q

what is adolescent egocentrism?

A

Overly concerned with own thoughts & feelings (ME!)
-They know other perspectives, but just don’t care

86
Q

what is imaginary audience?

A

Believe other are watching constantly
-“Everyone is looking at my pimple”

87
Q

what is personal fable?

A

Believe own experiences & feelings are unique
-“You just don’t understand”

88
Q

what is illusion of invulnerability?

A

Misfortune only happens to others
-“Its not gonna happen to me”
-Linked to risky bxs
-Do not understand the consequences and the reality

89
Q

what is Super’s Theory?

A

Choosing a career is a developmental process

90
Q

what are the seven stages of Super’s Theory?

A
  1. Crystallization (13-14 yrs)
  2. Specification (18 yrs)
  3. Implementation (late teens, early 20s)
  4. Establishment (young adulthood)
  5. Maintenance (middle adulthood)
  6. Deceleration (middle adulthood)
  7. Retirement
91
Q

what is the crystallization stage?

A

Use talents & interests to limit career choices

92
Q

what is the specification stage?

A

Learn about specific career and begin training
-Stage i am currently in!!

93
Q

what is the implementation stage?

A

Enter workforce and learn first hand about job

94
Q

what is the establishment stage?

A

Select specific occupation and advance in that position
-Work is their main priority

95
Q

what is the maintenance stage?

A

Transition during which adults decrease time for work roles
-Able to do more stuff with their kids

96
Q

what is the deceleration stage?

A

Planning for retirement

97
Q

what is the retirement stage?

A

Stop working full time
-Can do part-time work

98
Q

what are some criticisms of Super’s Theory?

A

-Assumes people choose one occupation and keep it until retirement
-Simply not true in the US

99
Q

what is Holland’s Personality-Type Theory?

A

Finding work fulfilling when it fits your personality

100
Q

what are the six personality types?

A

Realistic
Investigative
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic

101
Q

what is the realistic personality type? what are jobs in this field?

A

-Enjoy physical labor & concrete problems

Mechanic, construction

102
Q

what is the investigative personality type? what are jobs in this field?

A

-Task oriented, enjoy thinking about abstract relations
-Working independently

Scientist

103
Q

what is the social personality type? what are jobs in this field?

A

-Skilled verbally and interpersonally
-Enjoy solving social problems
-Working with others

Teacher, counselor

104
Q

what is the conventional personality type? what are jobs in this field?

A

-Enjoy structured, well-defined taste assigned by others
-Working with numbers
-Go with the flow

Bank teller, Secretary

105
Q

what is the enterprising personality type? what are jobs in this field?

A

-Enjoy using verbal skills in positions of power, status & leadership

Business executive, Sales

106
Q

what is the artist personality type? what are jobs in this field?

A

-Enjoy expressing self through unstructured tasks, creative
-FREEDOM

Poet, musician

107
Q

when is part time work beneficial? when is it not?

A

-Working less than 15 hours per week (or summer) can be beneficial
-Working more than 15 hours per week is detrimental

108
Q

why is working more than 15 hours per week detrimental for adolescents?

A

School performance suffers
Mental health and behavior problems
Misleading affluence

109
Q

what is Misleading affluence?

A

-Misunderstanding of money
-You think you can buy everything you want since you don’t have to pay bills
-When they enter adulthood is ends up being hard for them to manage money

110
Q

what are the two types of Adolescent Delinquency?

A

-Adolescent-limited antisocial bx
-Life-course persistent antisocial bx

111
Q

what is Adolescent-limited antisocial bx?

A

-Youth engage in relatively minor criminal acts
-One way to achieve adult status & privilege
-Usually disappears by early adulthood

112
Q

what is Life-course persistent antisocial bx?

A

Antisocial bx emerges at early age and persists throughout life

113
Q

what are four risk factors for Delinquency? describe them

A

Socioeconomic status
-More frequent for low income adolescents

Family processes
-Inadequate parental supervision, inconsistent discipline

Self control
-unable to regulate own behavior and be able to delay gratification

Biological forces
-aggression and impulsivity

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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