Unit 1 (Ch. 2)

Question 1

what is the order from smallest to biggest? (cell, chromosomes, genes, DNA, nucleus)

Answer 1

cell -> nucleus -> chromosomes -> DNA -> genes

Question 2

what are genes?

Answer 2

-Segment of DNA (stored in the nucleus)
-Provide instructions
-Production of proteins

Question 3

what is a genotype? phenotype?

Answer 3

genotype: genetic material a person inherits and is expressed in their genome

phenotype: physical, bx, and psychological features a person expresses

Question 4

what is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 4

-chromosome 12 recessive disorder
-unable to metabolize phenylalanine
-damages CNS
-With an early diagnosis & restricted diet, it can be avoided

Question 5

what chromosome is down syndrome an abnormality in?

Answer 5

chromosome 21
-Extra 21st chromosome
-leads to intellectual disability

Question 6

what is the name of the blood test that pregnant women can do at 10-12 weeks?

Answer 6

MaterniT21 plus

Question 7

what is behavioral genetics?

Answer 7

Behavioral traits are inherited through many genes that are affected by the environment

Question 8

what is Reaction Range?

Answer 8

Range of phenotypes determined by genotype & environment

EX: Same plant (one genotype) and 3 different environments
-Produces three different phenotypes even though they all have the SAME genotype

Question 9

what is are the three stages in prenatal development?

Answer 9

Zygote -> Embryo -> Fetus

Question 10

what weeks is a baby considered a zygote? what are the two series?

Answer 10

0-2 weeks
Fertilization -> Implantation

Question 11

what weeks is a baby considered an embryo? what are the two series?

Answer 11

Week 3-8
Implantation -> Organogenesis

Question 12

what weeks is a baby considered a fetus? what are the two series?

Answer 12

Week 9-38
Organogenesis -> Birth

Question 13

what are the two parts of an embryo?

Answer 13

Inner Mass: embryo

Outer Mass: support system (Placenta, Umbilical Cord, Amniotic Sac)

Question 14

what is the waxy substance that coats a fetus at 20 weeks?

Answer 14

Vernix

Question 15

what is the week range of viability?

Answer 15

week 22-28

Question 16

what week are the organs the most efficient?

Answer 16

week 38

Question 17

what is the weight and length of a full term baby?

Answer 17

7-8lbs
20inches

Question 18

what is the touch fetal experience?

Answer 18

Passively: bumping walls of uterus

Actively: grasping, sucking, rubbing

Question 19

what is the taste fetal experience?

Answer 19

swallowing amniotic fluid
-Fetus has a sweet tooth!

Question 20

what is the smell fetal experience?

Answer 20

-Amniotic fluid has odor of what mom ate
-During fetal breathing, amniotic fluid comes into contact with olfactory receptors

Question 21

what is the hearing fetal experience?

Answer 21

Internally generated sounds (mom’s heartbeat, breathing, etc.)

Externally generated sounds (mom’s voice, people talking)

Question 22

what is the sight fetal experience?

Answer 22

Vision not fully developed. but may react to bright light

Question 23

what hormone is dependent on the sex of the baby?

Answer 23

the absence / presence of androgens (testosterone)

Question 24

what are the three nutrients vital for a mother to have while pregnant? what are each of them they needed for?

Answer 24

folic acid: prevent neural tube defect
calcium: bone development
iron: oxygen supply

Question 25

how many more calories per day does a mother need while pregnant?

Answer 25

300 more calories

Question 26

what are three general risk factors during pregnancy?

Answer 26

-nutrition
-stress
-age

Question 27

what are teratogens?

Answer 27

Environmental agents that cause abnormal prenatal development

Question 28

what does drinking alcohol during pregnancy lead to? what can this lead to in the baby?

Answer 28

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
-Mother drinks heavily during pregnancy (more than 5oz. several times per week)

Leads to…
-Face abnormalities
-Heart problems
-Underdeveloped brain & intellectual disability
-Bx problems (irritability, hyperactivity)

Question 29

why shouldn’t you smoke nicotine during pregnancy?

Answer 29

it produces NMK
-cancer causing agent

Leads to
-Low birth weight
-Increases infant mortality
-Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
-Pregnancy complications
-Short stature
-Lower reading scores
-Ear infections

Question 30

what is CMV (cytomegalovirus)?

Answer 30

Primary infection of a virus when you are pregnant

leads to…
-walking issues, seizures, hearing & sight issues, cerebral palsy

Question 31

what are four factors contribute to teratogens exposure?

Answer 31

-time of exposure
-amount and length of exposure
-cumulative exposure
-individual differences

Question 32

what is teratogen exposure the most dangerous to a fetus?

Answer 32

embryo stage!

Question 33

what occurs at each stage when a teratogen is exposed to the fetus?

Answer 33

Zygote: spontaneous miscarriage
Embryo: major abnormality in structures
Fetus: improper functioning of systems

Question 34

what is the Dose-response relation?

Answer 34

A lot of the dose over a long period of time -> more effects
Little bit only a couple times -> less effects

Question 35

what is cumulative exposure?

Answer 35

using multiple teratogens at the same time
-alcohol + nicotine + poor maternal nutrition

Question 36

what are Sleeper Effects?

Answer 36

Impact isn’t apparent for many years

EX: hormone DES was used to prevent miscarriages
-led to a higher chance of cancer later in the child’s life

Question 37

what are three reasons why it is hard to pinpoint the effects of teratogens?

Answer 37

-sleeper effects
-Presence of multiple risks
-individual differences