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Philosophy > Examen Filosofía temas 4 y 5 > Flashcards

Examen Filosofía temas 4 y 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Gnisology

A

the study of knowledge and cognition

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2
Q

Gnisology of Plato

A

Plato divides reality:
- Sensible World (opinions, beliefs)
- Intelligible World (intelligence, mathematics)

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3
Q

Sensible World (Plato) (7)

A
  • doxa/opinion
  • world of appearance
  • intelligible realm
  • beliefs, opinions, ideas
  • illusion, images, shadows, reflections
  • further from truth/reality
  • the physical human body
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4
Q

Intelligent World (Plato) (7)

A
  • episteme/science
  • world of the forms
  • visible realm
  • mathematic reasoning
  • intelligence, forms, philosophy
  • closer to truth/reality
  • the human soul
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5
Q

Plato says Gnisology is reliable because

A

it contains universal truth and not senses and changing circumstances

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6
Q

Knowledge is….

A

innate and acquired by remembering (reminiscence)

there is a truth in us waiting to be discovered 🧘‍♀️

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7
Q

Rationalism

A

philosophical current according to which reason must be the starting point to obtain secure knowledge

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8
Q

Francis Bacon

A
  • the father of empiricism
  • argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only on reason and the careful observation of nature
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9
Q

Definition of Knowledge

A

a true opinion that we are able to justify

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10
Q

Reason

A

the application of logic by drawing conclusions from new information with the aim of getting the truth

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11
Q

Intuition

A

the power of obtaining knowledge that cannot be acquired either by inference or observation, by reason or experience

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12
Q

Faith

A

trusting in the validity of statements that can’t always be justified by experience or reason

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13
Q

Emile Durkheim’s definition of religion

A

any beliefs or practices associated with the sacred

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14
Q

Aristotle believed that in all of us…..

A

there is a natural curiosity, which is the foundation in our interest in science and philosophy

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15
Q

Knowing-that vs. Knowing-how

A

logical knowledge vs. practical knowledge

ex. knowing a bike has two wheels vs. knowing how to ride a bike

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16
Q

specific fields of knowledge such as art, physics or history

A

are always shared, as they develop within a community of experts

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17
Q

Focault

A

studied how human sciences come from the power mechanisms of social control (ex. statistics created to help rulers know about their population)

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18
Q

Pragmatism

A

looking at things practically and using logic to see if something is true

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19
Q

Truth

A

an unveiling, one that needs criticism and question

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20
Q

Truth for Descartes

A

something must have evidence and be indisputable through intellectual intuition

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21
Q

Descartes famous quote

A

“I think therefore I am”

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22
Q

Criterion of Truth

A

affirms something as true when it is absolutely impossible to doubt it

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23
Q

Truth for Hegel

A

truth is the whole and everything is true

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24
Q

Dogmatism

A

belief that it is possible to know the truth without complete certainty

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25
Q

Skepticism

A

a philosophical position that denies the possibility of knowing the truth

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26
Q

Relativism

A

the theory that there is no universal or absolute truth

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27
Q

Subjectivism

A

an idea that asserts that what seems truth or false to person depends solely on individual factors

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28
Q

Jürgen Habermas truth

A
  • pragmatic truth
  • something is considered true when it is agreed upon after good dialogue/debate about it
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29
Q

Epistemology

A

the theory of knowledge and the distinction between justified belief and opinion

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30
Q

Most philosophers of Modern Age were

A

rationalists or empiricists

31
Q

Rationalism

A

philosophical current according to which reason must be the starting point to obtain secure knowledge, such as Descartes

32
Q

For empiricists such as:__________, the………

A

For empiricists such as Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume, the only valid source of knowledge is experience

33
Q

Kant’s idea of experience

A

experience provides us with the content/matter of our knowledge
-reason organizes that content by giving it a form

34
Q

A priori

A

before the experience (Kant)

35
Q

Kant: Space and Time

A

an individual person makes sense of space and time, they make them sensible perceptions

36
Q

The formula of a phenomenon according to Kant

A

things + forms = phenomenon

37
Q

Metaphysics = science ???

A

no :( because we can’t experience any of its three objects (God, the soul and the world)

38
Q

Kant’s most famous book

A

Critique of Pure Reason (1781)

39
Q

Modern Science

A

began in the 17th century and was based on
-experience
-observation
-measurement
-the use of mathematics

40
Q

Formal Science

A

deals with abstract objects, which do not in exist in abstract reality

41
Q

Empirical Science

A

deals with facts we can know from experience

42
Q

Natural Science

A

deals with objects in the physical world that can be dealt with experimentally

43
Q

Human Science

A

deals with the human being and society from different perspectives

44
Q

Science is concerned….

A

with studying facts

45
Q

Scientific Method Purpose

A

Allows the researcher to find a mathematical law that explains the behavior of nature

46
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A
  • Define the problem
  • Form hypothesis
  • Test with experiments
  • Obtain Conclusions
47
Q

Anomalia

A

a problem, a symptom

48
Q

Scientific Paradigm

A

a set of several interrelated theories that offer a global explanation of reality, including hypotheses and mythology

49
Q

Hermeneutic Method

A

the interpretation of facts, used for human sciences

50
Q

Hypothetic-Deductive Method

A

developed by Galileo and evolved into the scientific method

51
Q

Inductivism

A
  • affirms that science is built through reasoning
  • you obtain conclusions by experiments on something
52
Q

Anaxiom

A

a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question

53
Q

Falsification

A
  • created by Karl Popper

experiments can never completely verify a statement, but can prove it to be not true

54
Q

Problem with Inductivism

A

theories can not be definitively proved, just made valid with the science we currently have

55
Q

Postulate

A

a given/known true thing that is used to prove other things true

56
Q

Kuhn elaborated…..

A

an alternative theory to falsification, introducing the concept of the scientific paradigm

57
Q

Revolutionary Science test (Kuhn)

A

when scientists break away from the established paradigm with a different vision which is incompatible with the previous

58
Q

Science vs. Technique

A

both are a certain way of doing something

goal of science is to produce valid knowledge

goal of technique is just practicality

59
Q

Gnisology de Aristotle (4)

A
  • truly valid knowledge comes from knowing the universal and not the particular
  • knowledge comes from the things our senses capture
  • the most useful knowledge comes from others
  • the process of differentiating the common essence of something from individual characteristics is important
60
Q

Greek Words on Plato’s divided line (left to right)

A

Eikasia, Pistis, Dianoia, Noeis

61
Q

Dogma

A
  • claims that cannot be proven.
  • associated with religion
62
Q

Epojé

A

suspension of judgment

63
Q

Hermeneutics

A

mainly focused on the interpretation of texts

64
Q

Doxa

A
  • opinion
  • knowledge based on feelings
65
Q

Episteme

A
  • science
  • true knowledge
66
Q

Reminiscence

A

progress by which we can grasp ideas with the help of philosophical dialogue

67
Q

Eikasia

A
  • illusion, shadows, imagination
68
Q

Pistis

A
  • beliefs and objects
69
Q

Dianola

A
  • mathematical forms and geometry
70
Q

Noesis

A
  • pure ideas and philosophy
71
Q

Gnisology for Kant

A

Reason: the application of logic by drawing conclusions from new information with the aim of getting the truth

Transcendental: By transcendental, Kant means that his philosophical approach to knowledge transcends mere consideration of sensory evidence and requires an understanding of the mind’s innate modes of processing that sensory evidence

72
Q

What type of philosopher was Kant

A

empirical realist

73
Q

What type of philosopher was Plato

A

rationalist

74
Q

What type of philosopher was Aristotle

A

realist

Philosophy (14 decks)

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