April 2023

Question 1

Positive Freedom

Answer 1

the real capacity to to set our own goals and work to achieve them and to decide what we want to do with complete autonomy

Question 2

Values

Answer 2

Intangible, internal qualities that relate to the psyche or soul of a human being, appearing in their personality and actions

Question 3

Axiology

Answer 3

philosophy of values

Question 4

Moral Conscience

Answer 4

the capacity of a human to distinguish right from wrong

it the source of our moral standards of conduct, feelings of regret and remorse from wrong doing

Question 5

Intellectual Consciousness

Answer 5

the capacity to reflect on our own mental processes and to realize that we are thinking

Question 6

Freedom of Human-Beings

Answer 6

Although some aspects are predetermined, we are autonomous and free, and therefore responsible for our actions

Question 7

Moral Emotivism

Answer 7

the idea that moral judgments are based on feelings

Question 8

Moral Intellectualism

Answer 8

the idea that moral judgments are based on reason

Question 9

Epicura and Fear

Answer 9

Epicura has a way of eliminating fear if God, death and destiny

Question 10

Types of Pleasures (2)

Answer 10

Natural Pleasures, such as drinking water

Unnecessary Pleasures, such as winning the lottery

Question 11

Moral Relativism

Answer 11

affirms that all moral rules and values depend on the situation (although universal rules are possible)

Question 12

Truth (regarding news and the internet)

Answer 12

• based on verifiable evidence
• objective, unbiased and neutral
• take basic precautions against fake news
• adopt an honest and committed attitude in the search for the truth
• be willing to contrast our opinions with those of others

Question 13

Ethos

Answer 13

based on individual morals and our own character

Question 14

Ethics

Answer 14

branch of philosophy where you use definitive arguments to support an idea

Question 15

Morals

Answer 15

based on feelings and our “interior voice” about what is good vs. bad

Question 16

Ethics and Morals

Answer 16

guide human action though moral values and laws to give people a good life
(not found in any other species)

Question 17

Moral Dilemma

Answer 17

a situation where someone has to choose between various options and won’t be satisfied with their moral conscious

Question 18

Value

Answer 18

• intangible
• the human being has two (biological and quality)

Question 19

Quality Values of a Human Being

Answer 19

the dimension of the psyche/soul and of culture

Question 20

Actions of Duty (Kant)

Answer 20

actions in which the only motivation that drives us is to fulfill our obligation, even if it does not make us happy

Question 21

Important Part of our Moral Actions (Kant)

Answer 21

what is important is NOT the consequences of what we do, but the intention we have when we act

Question 22

Maxims

Answer 22

Kant’s idea of individual rules to guide moral action that depend on the individual and situation

Question 23

Formal Ethics (Kant 2)

Answer 23

Kant didn’t believe any ethical law could ever be truly universal, so it was up to the individual to decide what to do

Kant’s Formal Ethics have no concrete commands or prohibitions, as he wants us to use our freedom and autonomy to decide what to do

Question 24

A priori Ethics

Answer 24

ethical norms that do not depend on circumstances and must be universally valid

Question 25

Material Ethics (4)

Answer 25

A posteriori moral action based on the goal toward which we should orient our lives

Question 26

Kant Criticism of Material Ethics

Answer 26

• rely on experience
• hypothetical in their rules
• heteronomous (not chosen by subject but by supreme idea of what is good)

Question 27

Apel and Habermas: the valid way to establish just rules

Answer 27

gaining a consensus rationally reached within an ideal community of dialogue

Question 28

Dialogical Ethics

Answer 28

aims to find a procedure for developing rules that are acceptable to all through deliberation and consensus

Question 29

Aristotle’s Ethics of Virtue

Answer 29

we act virtuously by choosing what is most ethical for the situation

Question 30

Eudaimonia

Answer 30

happiness

Question 31

Ethical Values

Answer 31

unconditional, universal and necessary guidelines towards an ethical life

Question 32

Personality

Answer 32

our peculiar way of being, which identifies us and distinguishes us from the rest of the people