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Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal system > Bone Basics > Flashcards

Bone Basics Flashcards

1
Q

what are Long Bones

A

Corticol (Compact Bones)

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2
Q

what is the middle of the bone called

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

what is the end of the bone called

A

epiphysis
(can be proximal or distal)

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4
Q

where does the middle of the bone meet the end of the bone

A

metaphyis
(can be proximal or distal)

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5
Q

where is bone marrow found

A

in the medullary cavity

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6
Q

what is the outer sheath of the bone and what is its function?

A

Periosteum
supplies bone with blood, nerves, cells

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7
Q

which cell in bones are stem cells

A

osteogenic

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8
Q

what cells found in bones resorb bone

A

osteoclasts

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9
Q

what is the functions of osteoblasts

A

forms bone matrix

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10
Q

what cells found in bones maintains bone tissue

A

osteocytes

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11
Q

what are Haversian canals

A

grooves made as osteoclasts eat away at bone and osteocytes refill it (in bone remodelling)

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12
Q

what are trabeculae

A

bundle of fibres in the Cancellous (spongy) region of bone

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13
Q

define bone remodelling

A

continuous deposition and resorption of bone

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14
Q

What is Wolfs law?

A

bones orient themselves to resist forces acted upon them due to the presence of tension lines

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15
Q

what are some functions of bone

A

support
levers for movement
protection
mineral homeostasis
haemoatopoesis

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16
Q

what is compact bone filled with

A

mixture of organic (collagen) and inorganic substances (minerals)

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17
Q

how may bones be classified

A

cranial - postcranial
axial - appendicular
endochondral - intramembranus
long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular

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18
Q

what is the term for growth plates

A

physes

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19
Q

where are sesamoid bones found

A

near tendons + ligaments + joints

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20
Q

define apophysis

A

protuberance developed from independent ossification centres

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21
Q

define foramen

A

opening

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22
Q

define fossa

A

shallow depression or hollow

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23
Q

how are dorsal skull bones formed

A

endochondrally

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24
Q

how are ventral skull bones formed

A

endochondrally

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25
Q

how are dorsal skull bones formed

A

intramembranous

26
Q

why does the skull have many foramina

A

allow passage of nerves and blood vessles

27
Q

describe the bones in the skull

A

paired and from different ossification centres (fibrous tissue separate them when young, but then fuse together as an adult)

28
Q

what attaches to the madndibular temporalis

A

caronoid process

29
Q

where to mandibular bones join

A

at the symphysis

30
Q

what is the function of the hyoid bone

A

suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull

31
Q

name the vertebral bones

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal

32
Q

what is the rib proper

A

dorsal bony bit

33
Q

what is the costal cartilage

A

ventral cartilage part

34
Q

what does the rib articulate to

A

2 successive vertebrae and the sternum directly

35
Q

what is the floating rib

A

the cartilage of the last rib doesnt connect

36
Q

what is the cranial element of the sternum called

A

manubrium

37
Q

what is the xiphoid cartilage

A

base of the sternum

38
Q

name the different parts of the pectoral limb

A

scapula
clavicle
humerus
radius and ulna
carpal bone
metacarpal bone
phalanges

39
Q

where is the accessory carpal bone

A

lateral
(little lateral bone)

40
Q

how are the metacarpal bones labelled

A

I to V
medial to lateral

41
Q

where are the paired proximal sesamoid bone

A

palmer MCP joint

42
Q

name the bones of the pelvis

A

ilium
pubis
ischium

43
Q

what are the parts of the pelvic limb

A

pelvis
femur
patella
fabellae
tibia and fibula
tarsal bone
metatarsals
phalanges

44
Q

where is the acetabulum

A

socket where the lateral face of the femur articulates with the fusion of the ileum, pubis, ischium

45
Q

name the bony prominence of the femur

A

prominent trochanters

46
Q

what type of bone is the patella

A

sesamoid

47
Q

what is the Fabellae

A

small sesamoid bone opposite the patella in dogs

48
Q

which of the tibia and fibula are medial or lateral

A

tibia medial
fibula lateral

49
Q

name the proximal row of the tarsal bones

A

talus (medial) and calcaneus (lateral)

50
Q

name the bones of the the proximal row of the carpal bones

A

radial carpal (medial)
intermedial carpal
ulner carpal (lateral)

51
Q

what type of bones to birds have

A

Pneumatised bone (hollow for flight)

52
Q

how is the thoracic limb in birds modified

A

(wing)
strong pectoral girdle with additional coracoid bone

53
Q

how is the bird adapted for flight

A

pneumatised bones
modified thoracic limb
huge sternum keel (for flight muscle attachment)

54
Q

what is the purpose of the medullary bone in birds

A

is a calcium storage

55
Q

why do reptiles have slow bone healing

A

less bone remodelling due to no Haversian bone system

56
Q

describe reptilian locamotion

A

lateromedial vertebral flexibility

57
Q

how is the reptilian vertebrae divided

A

presacral
sacral
caudal

58
Q

what is the sign of skeletal maturity

A

closed epiphysis

59
Q

describe the locomotion of fish

A

lateral undulation

60
Q

how is the fish tail supported?

A

caudal vertebrae

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal system (14 decks)

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