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Tsarist Russia AQA > The Russian Autocracy in 1855 > Flashcards

The Russian Autocracy in 1855 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the Tsar before 1855?

A

Tsar Nicholas I.

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2
Q

What is autocracy?

A

A system where the ruler has absolute power

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3
Q

What is localism?

A

Loyalty to the local community or area

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4
Q

Who was the head of the Russian-Orthodox Church?

A

The ruling Tsar

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5
Q

What was the Over-Procurator of the Holy Synod?

A

A government minister appointed by the Tsar to run church affairs

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6
Q

What did the Patriarch of Moscow provide?

A

Spiritual guidance to the Tsar

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7
Q

What were ‘edicts’?

A

The ‘law of the land’ - an official order issued by a person of authority

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8
Q

What is a bureaucracy?

A

A system where state officials take decisions rather than elected representatives

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9
Q

How big was the Russian army in 1855?

A

1.5 million conscripted serfs

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10
Q

How long was military service in 1855?

A

25 years

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11
Q

Where did soldiers live?

A

Military colonies

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12
Q

What were Cossacks?

A

Elite horsemen from the Ukraine and Southern Russia

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13
Q

Russia had developed into what kind of state by 1855?

A

A police state

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14
Q

What was the secret state security called?

A

The Third Section

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15
Q

What rights/liberties did the Third Section prevent?

Give two.

A
  • Political meetings
  • Strikes
  • Freedom of speech
  • Freedom of the press
  • Travel abroad
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16
Q

What powers did the Third Section have?

Give two.

A
  • Could carry out raids
  • Arrest and imprison
  • Send people into exile
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17
Q

The Russian population was very sparse.

Give the ratio of village to town dwellers in 1855.

A

11:1

(village to town dwellers)

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18
Q

What is a cottage industry?

A

Work done in the worker’s own home or a small workshop

Typically spinning, weaving, and small-scale wood and metal work

19
Q

Who owned private serfs?

A

The landowning elite

Those who owned land and were a privileged minority in Russian society

20
Q

Give a restriction of being a serf in Russian society.

A

Serfs;
- Were subject to beatings
- Could be bought or sold
- Were not allowed to marry without permission
- Could be conscripted into the army

21
Q

What was a mir?

A

Village communes where serfs typically worked.

22
Q

What was the key problem of working in a mir?

A

Difficult for them to evolve into wage-earners

Due to there being little incentive or opportunity

23
Q

What were the recurring payments that private serfs could pay.

Define Obrok and Barschima.

A

30% payed rent (obrok)
70% provided labour (barschima)

24
Q

Which recurring payments did state serfs pay?

A

Tax and rent

25
Q

Give two.

A
26
Q

What were the problems with owning serfs?

Give two.

A

Provoked idleness

Landowning elite were generally uninterested in developments

27
Q

What was an urban artisan?

A

A manual worker in a town who possessed some skills

E.g. a cobbler or a leather maker

28
Q

What were the intelligentsia?

A

Educated members of Russian society; many opposed the state for various cultural, moral, religious, philosophical and political reasons

E.g. Writers, Philosophers

29
Q

Also known as the main ‘direct’ tax.

What was the poll tax?

Introduced in 1719.

A

A tax on male peasant heads

Created to cover the costs of the massive army

30
Q

What was obrok?

A

A tax paid by serfs to the state in place of land and service dues

31
Q

What were indirect taxes?

A

Tax on goods and services, representing 30% of government income

E.g. a tax on salt, vodka

32
Q

The peasantry, urban workers and tradesmen contributed to how much of imperial finance?

In a percentage.

A

Around 90%

33
Q

In what direction was the Russian economy considered to be going in?

A

Backwards

34
Q

What was the Crimean War over?

A

Russian Crimea

35
Q

When did the Crimean War start and finish?

A

1853 to 1856

36
Q

Which Treaty in 1856 concluded the Crimean War?

A

The Treaty of Paris

37
Q

When was the Treaty of Paris signed?

A

1856

38
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris prevent?

A

Russian warships from using the Black Sea in times of peace.

39
Q

Why did Russia lose the Crimean War?

Give two reasons.

A
  • Outdated technology
  • Poor transport
  • Inadequate leadership
  • Lacked flexibility and determination
40
Q

When did Tsar Nicholas I die?

A

1855

41
Q

Who was believed to have been appointed their position by God?

A

The Tsar

42
Q

How many square km was the Russian Empire in 1955?

A

the Russian Empire was 21 million square kilometres

43
Q

How much government expenditure went to the military?

A

45%

Tsarist Russia AQA (12 decks)

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